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Tazmert n Ccinwa deg Yilel

Page history last edited by takelsertit 14 years, 2 months ago

 

 

Tazmert n Ccinwa deg yilel*

 

 

 

Le Monde Diplomatique, Ctembeṛ 2008

 

*lebḥeṛ

 

Asmi ay d-yella yimenγi-nni gar Juṛjya ed Rusya [deg unebdu n 2008], assaγen (relations) yellan gar tmura ijehden n umaḍal bdan ttbeddilen : Rusya tessken-d amek ay tezmer ad tesseqdec iγil, war akukru, deg lweqt ay deg George W. Bush – yellan yeγγar-d inawen (discours) aydeg d-yessemεan γef wemgaru (ṭṭrad) - ur yessaweḍ ad d-yekf lemεawna ijehden i yemḍebbren ijuṛjiyen, ma d Tadukli Tuṛufit, tessken-d lebγi-nnes, ula d nettat, akken ad turar dduṛ deg taluft-a s yisem-nnes … Γas wlawlent tγawsiwin deg wussan-nni, imnekniyen ikelsertiyen (équilibres géopolitiques) imeqranen la ttbeddilen kan s leεqel deg umaḍal. Iwunak Yeddukklen, γas weḥlen deg Lεiraq ed Afγanistan, mazal-iten sεan tizemmar tiserdasiyin yugaren s waṭas tid n tmura ijehden niḍen. Aya yerza ladγa tizemmar-nnes tiserdasiyin deg yilel (lebḥeṛ). D acu kan, ula deg wenrar-a, bdan-t tmura niḍen reffdent-d iman-nsen, gar-asent tella Ccinwa ay yessawḍen ad tili d yiwet seg tmanya n tmura yesεan tanawin (flottes) timeqranin akk deg umaḍal. S waya, tagnit n Ccinwa n wass-a temgerrad aṭas ed tin ay deg tella deg yiseggasen n 1950 aydeg d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay tt-iâawnen akken ad tesεu cwiṭ n tewlalt (marine) ara as-iεassen tifsirin-nnes (côtes) ! D igiman (luluf) n yiseggasen aya seg wasmi ay tella Ccinwa d tamurt ijehden deg Asya yerna tettnerni kan s tzemmar-nnes nettat, d acu kan, yezmer lḥal, ass-a, ad tili tebda-d abrid-nnes akken ad teqqel d tamurt ara yebnun ljehd-nnes s tezmert-nnes deg yilel, akken ay d-nnan kra n yiṛabulen imarikaniyen.  

 

Sγur Olivier Zajec

 

 

 

Timeẓdit tacinwat C802; γef wakken d-nnan kra,

d timeẓdit am ta ay yesseqdec Hezbollah

i lmend n ussezder n yiwen n uγerrabu aserdasi isṛayili deg 2006

 

 

« Daguo Juequi (Alluy n Tnezmarin Timeqranin » d yiwen n umazrar (série) n yifetrawen (documentaires) ay d-tga Tilibizyu Talemmast n Ccinwa (China Central Television, CCTV). Wid ay d-igan afetraw-a ttren imezrayen (historiens) ed kra n yemḍebbren igraγlanen (gar-asen aselway afṛensis aqbur Valéry Giscard-d'Estaign), yerna seg wakken igerrez arma ay t-id-tessukk ula d targa-nni tamarikanit n umezruy, History Channel. Amazrar-a n yifetrawen yessefham-d amek imenkuden (empires) n Portugal, Spenyul, Timura n Wadda, Fṛansa, Langliz, Lalman, Japun, Rusya ed Yiwunak Yeddukklen tuley yes-sen, amek ay rebḥen neγ amek ay γlin. 

 

 

Aṭas n medden umi yeεjeb umazrar-a – yesâan tnac n yeḥricen n xemsin n ddqayeq i yiwen – yerna, γef leḥsab n Quan Chengdan (d aselmad deg tesdawit n Pekin), aya nezmer t-nefhem : « Ccinwa-nneγ, aγref (cceεb) acinwat, « iri (race)» acinwat yeqqel-iten-id ljehd-nsen yerna εawden qqlen tturaren dduṛ d ameqran deg umaḍal ». [Joseph Kahn, « China, shy giant, shows signs of shedding its false modesty », The New York Times, 9 Dujembeṛ, 2006]

 

 

Amazrar (série) n “Daguo Juequi” yessawal-d γef dduṛ ameqran ay turar tezmert n tmura ijehden deg yilel (lebḥeṛ) akken ad alyent yerna ad qqlent d timura ijehden akk deg umaḍal. Dγa, amur ameqran seg tmura-a, i wakken ad snernint ljehd-nsent, ledyent-d iman-nsent γef umaḍal, ssawḍent ad ḥekment iberdan imeqranen n yilel ed yimukan yesâan azal deg tlemmast n yigarawen, ssawḍent ad sâunt taknussna (technologie) yerna gerrzent ttawilat-nsent n leqdic. D ti ay d tiγawsiwin ay tent-yejjan ad rebḥent, γas mgerradent deg wanect ay sâant n medden neγ n wakal.

 

 

Dγa, i lmend n wesnerni n tezmert n Ccinwa, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) acinwat yekfa azal ameqran i wesnerni n tezmert n tmurt-a deg yilel (lebḥeṛ), ladγa asmi ay d-iheyya, deg 2000, aγawas (plan) n “Teknussna Taâlayant n Yilel (Haute Technologie Maritime)”, am wakken ay yesnerna mliḥ Tawlalt (Marine) n Yigen (armée) acinwat.

 

 

Afetraw (documentaire) n « Daguo Juequi » d win yejjan tamuγli-nni taqburt n tesnakta (idéologie) n Ukabar Asduklan (Parti Communiste) acinwat, yerna yuwey-d tamuγli tamaynut aydeg Ccinwa tettnadi γef nnfeâ-nnes ed γef wamek ara teldey γef umaḍal. S waya, Icinwaten ttnadin ad jjen tidderγelt-nni-nsen n zik aydeg γelqen γef yiman-nsen deg tmurt-nsen (akken ay asen-teḍra deg lqern wis 19, yerna d anect-nni ay yejjan tamurt-a ad teγli tezmert-nnes ed ad tekcem deg yiwet n tallit d taγezfant n ḍḍeεfan), yerna ttnadin, ass-a, ad uraren dduṛ-nsen deg umaḍal s “wemtawa (harmonie” akked “talwit” (d sin n yimeslayen ay yesseqdac aṭas udabu acinwat deg tsertit-nnes tamaynut). S waya, Ccinwa tettnadi amek ara teldey iman-nnes γef umaḍal ed ladγa, amek ara teldey amaḍal γef Ccinwa, akken ay d-yenna Hu Jintao. 

 

 

Deg 2007, iγerruba iserdasiyen icinwaten rzan, s webrid unṣ̣ib (officiel) γef waṭas n yisugan (ports) deg umaḍal, dγa ddan γer Fṛansa, Ustṛalya, Japun, Rusya, Singapur, Spenyul ed Yiwunak Yeddukklen, am wakken ay ttekkan deg tmudda tigraγlanin (manœuvres internationales) i lmend n yimenγi mgal iqerṣ̣anen (pirates) ara yettnernin taggara-a.

 

 

Lḥir n Ccinwa akken ad d-tessken tazmert-a-nnes « ur nettḍurru » d win ay ikecmen deg tsertit-nnes akken ad turar dduṛ deg Asya, am wakken ay tettḥakaṛ sin n yeswan niḍen. Amezwaru, Ccinwa tettnadi amek ara d-terr tigzirt n Taiwan seddaw n udabu-nnes, am wakken ay tettnadi, daγen, amek ara tessejhed adabu-nnes deg waman-nnes iγelnawen, neγ ayen umi γγaren « asun udmis imsuffeγ (zone économique exclusive - ZEE » ; dγa, i wakken ad tessiweḍ s aya, Ccinwa teḥwaj ad taf abrid ilelli γer ugaraw Imelwi (océan Pacifique) akked yiberdan n yilel (lebḥeṛ) yellan deg Asya n Wenẓul Agmuḍan (Sud-Est). Wis sin, Ccinwa yessekf ad tḥudd iberdan n yilel ay tt-yettajjan ad d-tessukk seg-sen iserγa (hydrocarbures), ladγa imi Ccinwa teqqel d nettat ay d tamurt tis snat deg umaḍal ay d-ikettren (importer) apitṛul.    

 

 

Taswiεt-a, iswi-nni amezwaru d win yesâan azal. Ccinwa tessaweḍ ad tefru, s tin n leεqel, uguren-nnes n tlisa akked 13 seg tmura tijiratin-nnes. 

 

 

Imir-a, qqimen-d kan sin seg ljiran-nnes wukud mazal tesεa uguren, nitni d Butan akked Lhend. Seg tama niḍen, γef wakken d-yenna Loïc Frouart (seg tfagla n tγawsiwin tisuddasin [délégation aux affaires stratégiques] n weγlif afṛensis n temḥaddit, « [Ccinwa tesεa 14.500 n yikilumitren n tlisa n yilel [lebḥeṛ], yerna ula d tilisa-a zemrent ad d-glunt s tlufa ed ccwal [akked tmura niḍen]. Yagi, uguren yellan fell-asent d ilqayanen yerna werεad frin ». [« La Revue de défense nationale et de sécurité collective », Paris, Mayyu 2007, asebter 31].   

 

 

Ccinwa tebγa, akken neẓra, ad d-terr Taiwan seddaw n udabu-nnes, yerna i lmend n waya, « tezmer ad tesseqdec iγil, ma terra tmara ». Adabu acinwat mazal-it yebded γef ṛṛay-a, γas ma yella ass-a Taiwan yeḥkem-itt Ma Ying-jeou (seg ukabar n Guomindang) ay yessawḍen ad yesselhu assaγen (relations) n tegzirt-a akked Ccinwa. Tazmert n Ccinwa deg yilel (lebḥeṛ) tennerna s tazzla, yerna amgerrad n ljehd deg yilel gar-as ed Yiwunak Yeddukklen yenqes, γas s cwiṭ. Γef waya, Ccinwa tebγa ad tqenneâ Taiwan, seg yidis asnafsi (psychologique), s tikli-a γer sdat, d tin ara tt-id-yerren, « ama tebγa neγ tugi » γer udabu acinwat, yerna war imenγi. S waya, Ccinwa tuwey-d, deg temsalt-a, tikli ay deg tettnadi ad terẓ ifadden i Taiwan akken ur tettnadi ad tennaγ mgal Ccinwa, yerna tettnadi, daγen ad tt-tessewhem s tezmert-nnes. Yuγ lḥal, Icinwaten wehhan, yagi, timẓdiyin-nsen (missiles) γef Taiwan, yerna, seg tama niḍen, ula d Imarikaniyen ssefraγen adabu n Taiwan akken ad d-yesseγret azarug (déclarer l’indépendance). Nnig waya, Ccinwa ed Taiwan tecrek-itent tdamsa (économie) s wazal-nnes ay deg ta tettkel γef tayeḍ. Dγa aya akk d ayen ara d-yeswejden medden, deg nneyya n Ccinwa, akken ad qeblen ad d-teqqel Taiwan γer Ccinwa akken ay d-teqqel γer-s Hongkong.   

 

 

Abrid γer tlemmast n yilel*

 

 

*lebḥeṛ

 

 

D acu kan, Taiwan d aẓru kan amecṭuḥ seg yiwen n wurar n tiddas d ameqran ara tetturar Ccinwa deg yilel. Yuγ lḥal, Icinwaten sâan, daγen, uguren akked Japun deg wayen yerzan tigzirin n Diaoyu (umi γγaren Senkaku s tjapunit), d tid ay d-yezgan sdat n tegzirt n Okinawa (ay deg yella usadur [base] amarikani). Japun tenna-d tettalas ad tawey 450 n yikilumitren n waman deg utaram (lγerb) n Okinawa (d wid ay teḥseb d „asun-nnes udmis imsuffeγ – zone économique exclusive), deg lweqt ay deg Icinwaten ur steâṛfen s waya, yerna bγan ad smeγren asun n waman-nsen deg Yilel n Ccinwa Agmuḍan (mer de Chine orientale).

 

 

Yuγ lḥal, Ccinwa tettḥakaṛ ayen niḍen deg taluft-a : deg tama-a, llan azal n 200 n yimelyaṛen n lmitrat tigasasin (cubes) n lgaz seddaw yilel (lebḥeṛ). Ccinwa ur temsefham, daγen, ed Taiwan, Vietnam, Filippin, Malizya, Brunei akked Indunisya γef ljal n tegzirin n Spratley (umi γγaren Nansha s tcinwat) akked tegzirin n Pratas (Dongsha s tcinwat). Tesâa daγen uguren akked Vietnam ed Taiwan γef tegzirin n Paracels (Xisha, s tcinwat).

 

 

Seg tama niḍen, menγir tigzirin-a, Ccinwa ur temsefham ed Japun akked Vietnam γef kra n tlisa deg yilel (lebḥeṛ), am wakken ur temsefham akked Kurya n Wenẓul, Japun, Vietnam ed Filippin γef ljal n umur n Yicinwaten deg ṣ̣ṣ̣yada n yiselman deg yilel ay icerken timura-a akk.

 

 

Ass-a, aṭas n medden ay ttun Icinwaten seg zik ay ttnaγen ed ttasmen γef nnfeε-nsen deg tama-a. Deg yiseggasen n 1950 yagi, tawlalt (marine) tacinwat terra-d γer ddaw udabu n Pekin qrib akk tigzirin-nni-nnes yellan seddaw n udabu n yiγelnaẓriyen (nationalistes) n Chang Kai-chek [wid iḥekmen Taiwan]. Deg 1974, mi texṣ̣er Vientnam n Wenẓul (Sud) amgaru akked Vietnam n Ugafa (Nord), Icinwaten fuṛsen ṭṭfen tigzitin n Paracels. Deg 1988, Ccinwa tessuffeγ s yiγil Ivietnamiyen-nni yellan deg werṣ̣if (récif) n Fiery Cross ay d-yezgan sdat tegzirin n Spratleys. Dγa, akk timura n tama-a (yellan zik seddaw leεnaya n Ccinwa neγ ttxelliṣ̣ent-as tiwsi), mi ara walint γer tikli-a ay d-tuwey Pekin deg wayen yerzan ilel ay tt-id-iqerben, qqlent ttagadent tamurt-a tameqrant ay yebγan ad d-terr ljehd-nnes deg yilel. 

 

 

 

 

Taneḍabt (sous-marin) tacinwat

 

D acu kan, γef leḥsab n yiγawasen (plans) ay d-iga Liu Huaqing deg yiseggasen n 1980, menγir apitṛul ed yiselman yellan ddaw yilel (lebḥeṛ) n tama-a, Ccinwa tebγa ladγa ad taf abrid γer tlemmast n yilel. Γef waya, Ccinwa tεerreḍ ad d-tḥettem iman-nnes deg utaram (lγerb) n wayen umi semman « izirig azegzaw », d talast n yilel gar Japun ed Malizya, yerna tekka γef Taiwan ed Filippin [d timiwa n yilel ay d-iqerben γer Ccinwa], war ma tella tmurt ara as-d-ibedden deg webrid γef waya,. Maca ugur ameqran ay d-temlal Ccinwa deg temsalt-a netta d tawlalt (marine) tajapunit. Yuγ lḥal, Icinwaten bdan yagi “εerrḍen” tazmert n Yijapuniyen, ladγa imi ay uznen acḥal d tikkelt tineḍḍabin-nsen (sous-marins) s tuffra γer waman ijapuniyen (yerna d aya ay d-yeglan s yiwen wugur gar Ccinwa ed Japun deg 2004, γef ljal n unekcum n yiwet n tneḍḍabt taγsit [nucléaire] tacinwat γer waman ijapuniyen).

 

 

Sakkin, Ccinwa tessefray ad teg asurif wis sin : ad teεreḍ ad tekk i yizirig n Maginot ur nettkemmil. Izirig-a d netta ay d talast yebḍan gar Yilel n Ccinwa Agmuḍan (acerqi) ed “waman iẓerwalen” n temda-nni n Ugaraw Imelmi (Pacifique) yellan gar Japun ed Indunisya, aydeg tella tegzirt n Guam. Yuγ lḥal, yessekf ad d-nger tamawt tigzirt-a yella deg-s usadur (base) ameqran n yiγerruba ed yisafagen imarikaniyen, d win yesεan azal ameqran deg tεessast n Yiwunak Yeddukklen deg tama tutrimt (taγerbit) n Ugaraw Imelwi. Ihi, s usurif-a wis sin, Ccinwa tebγa ad tekk “izirig-nni azegzaw” n waman ur lqayen akken ad taweḍ γer “yizirig-nni aẓerwal” n waman ilqayanen n Ugaraw, d acu kan, ugur ameqran ay d-ibedden deg webrid-nnes deg temsalt-a netta d Taiwan. Deg Yennayer 2008, Ko Chen-heng, yellan imir-nni d anmazul n uneγlaf (vice-ministre) n temḥaddit , Taiwan iwet-d deg Ccinwa ay yessaggten leqdic n tewlalt-nnes (marine) deg wezrug n Bashi, tama-nni n yilel yellan gar Taiwan ed Filippin [yerna d amkan yessuffuγen γer Ugaraw Imelwi (ocean Pacifique)]

 

 

Asmi ara tessiweḍ Ccinwa ad tessewseε adabu-nnes γef tmiwa-a akk, ad d-telhu ed nnfeε-nnes ameqran wis sin: aḍman n laman n yiberdan ayseg d-tessukkuy iserγa (hydrocarbures) deg Asya n Wenẓul (sud). Abrid amezwaru d win n Wazzi (détroit) n Malacca [d abrid n yilel yellan gar Malizya ed Indunisya]. D wa ay d abrid ay yettajjan Ccinwa ad d-tessukk iγerruba-nnes n upitṛul ay ireffden qell n 100.000 n yiṭunen ay d-yettasen seg Tefriqt ed Wegmuḍ (Ccerq) Alemmas. Abrid wis sin netta d Azziten n Sunda akked Gaspar, yerna d wi ayseg d-ttekken yiγerruba imeqranen aṭas n upitṛul seg Tefriqt ed Wegmuḍ Alemmas γer Ccinwa. Ma d abrid wis tlata, d win ay seg d-ttawey Ccinwa apitṛul seg Temrikt Talatinit, yerna ittekk γef waman ifilippiniyen. Abrid wis ṛebâa, d win ay d-yettasen deg Tefriqt ed Wegmuḍ Alemmas yerna ittekk γef Wazziten indunisiyen n Lombok ed Macassar, Filippin ed utaram (lγerb) n ugaraw Imelwi (Pacifique) arma yuweḍ γer yisugan (lmerṣ̣at) icinwaten.  

 

 

Gar yiberdan-a akk ay yes tedder Ccinwa, win aydeg yella wugur ameqran akk netta d Azzi (détroit) n Malacca, aydeg ttekken 80% seg upitṛul acinwat, dγa tagnit am ta d tin ay iceγben Icinwaten, imi lemmer ad yenker ccwal, yezmer webrid-nni ad yettwagzem. Γef waya, Icinwaten εerrḍen, imir-a, ad sεun iberdan niḍen, yerna yiwet n tγawsiwin ay ttgen i lmend n waya netta d bennu n uẓeḍḍa n webrid n wuzzal ara yeqqnen timura n Tiddukla n yeγlanen (Asean, s tanglizit), am wakken ay tbennu daγen Ccinwa akked Birmanya yiwen n uqadus n upitṛul gar Sittwe ed Kunming. Ccinwa tettεawan daγen timura n Asya n Wenẓul Agmuḍan (Sud-Est) (ladγa Birmanya ed Tayland) akken ad snernint tizemmar-nsent deg ussuffeγ n lgaz deg tlemmast n yilel, am wakken ara tettekkay deg tγuzi n yiwet n terga deg tama n Kra, deg wenẓul n Tayland (γas akken amkan-a yettucewwel s tnekra n wid yessutturen ad bḍun tama-a γef Tayland).     

 

 

Aḍman n laman i yiberdan n ussiweḍ n upitṛul

 

 

Isenfaren-a d wid ay yes tettnadi Ccinwa ad tessenqes attkal-nnes γef yiberdan-nni n yilel ay izemren ad gezmen deg tegnit n ccwal, d acu kan, γas weεren i lebni, isenfaren-a ur ttajjan Ccinwa ad tefru akk uguren-nnes. Yuγ lḥal, Icinwaten mazal terra-ten tmara ad ḍemnen laman n yiberdan-a ama seg yiqerṣ̣anen (pirates), ladγa imi, taggara-a, simal ttnernin deg tama-a, ama seg ḍḍmeε (itebten neγ ala) n Yiwunak Yeddukklen, n Japun neγ n Lhend. Γef waya, Aseqqamu Alemmas n Ccinwa yessejhad tasertit-nnes deg wayen yerzan « tawlalt (marine) tacinwat n tlemmast n yilel ». I lmend n waya, Ccinwa tbennu, ass-a, ayen umi semman “azrar n uεeqqac”. Wa d tarbaεt n yisaduren imezgayen (bases permanentes) icinwaten ara yilin deg tefsirin (côtes) n Ugaraw Ahendi (océan Indien) u ad d-ttḍillin γef yiberdan-nni n yilel yettawyen seg Tefriqt ed Wegmuḍ Alemmas γer Wazzi n Malacca. S waya, Icinwaten ssefrayen ad bnun isaduren deg tegzirin n Cocos n Birmanya, deg Chittagong n Bangladesh, deg Marao (deg tezgririn n Maldive) akked Gwadar, deg Pakistan, am wakken ay ssefrayen, seg-a γer sdat, ad rnun ad bnun isaduren niḍen γef tefsirin n Tefriqt imi timura n tama-a simal rennunt leddyent tiwwura-nsent i yemseftiyen (investisseurs) icinwaten. Ccinwa tewjed ad tesseqdec ama d idrimen, ama d iqeddacen, war cceḥḥa, i lmend n lebni ed webdad i yisaduren-a, yerna aya s uεiwen ed weqbal n tmura-nnes timeddukal wuγur ara yilin yisaduren-a. Nnig waya, i wakken Ccinwa ad teg ifadden i tmura-a ad tt-εiwnent deg wenrar-a, tettazen-asen ula d iγerruba baṭel akken ad εassen γef tmiwa-nsen n uγellet n yiserγa (hydrocarbures).     

 

 

 

D acu kan, Ccinwa tesεa ixṣ̣imen d imeqranen deg tmiwa-a akk. Iwunak Yeddukklen d tamurt yettḥakaṛen Agaraw Imelwi (océan Pacifique) yerna tettwali-t d tama ara yuraren dduṛ d ameqran aṭas deg xemsin n yiseggasen-a ay d-itteddun. D acu kan, sin n yexṣ̣imen niḍen ay yessekf ad ten-tqabel Ccinwa deg tama-a nitni d Lhend akked Japun. Yuγ lḥal, assaγen gar Lhend ed Ccinwa seg zik ur lhin: Ccinwa seg zik ay tettεawan Pakistan deg wayen yerzan tamsalt n Kacmir, yerna ar ass-a mazal-itt d nettat ay as-yesnuzuyen i Pakistan amur ameqran seg yemrigen-nnes (leslaḥ). Nnig waya, ula d Lhend tessaram ad taweḍ γer tenqiḍt aydeg tuweḍ Ccinwa, u ad tili ula d nettat d tanezmart (puissance) deg tama n Asya ay yes ara steεfent tmura ijehden n umaḍal. Γef waya, ula d Lhend tesnernay tanawt-nnes (flotte), yerna tekkat s lejheṛ i wakken ad terr Agaraw (océan) Ahendi d “agaraw n Yihendiyen”. S waya, Ihendiyen ttwalin tikli-nni n “wezrar n uεeqqac” n Ccinwa d tagermant (intervention) n Yicinwaten deg tama-a ay ten-yexḍan.   

 

 

I wakken ad d-tessken Lhend tazmert-nnes deg wayen ay tettwali d “ilel-nnes (lebḥeṛ)”, tamurt-a tebna sin n yimawayen n yisafagen (porte-avions). Amezwaru deg-sen ad yebdu leqdic deg 2010. Lhend tesγa-d daγen amaway n yisafagen wis tlata sγur Rusya, yerna ussan-a tesnernay-it. Nnig waya, Lhend tesεa tineḍḍabin (sous-marins) tifṛensisin n Scorpène, d wid yesεan taknussna (technologie) yifen tin n tneḍḍabin ticinwatin. D acu kan, γas snat-a n tmura mεassent gar-asent, maca taswiεt-a mazal ssinifent i kra n tγawsa ay izemren ad d-teglu s ccwal gar-asent deg yilel. Bitt nger tamawt assaγen (relations) gar Lhend ed Ccinwa deg wayen yerzan tawlalt (marine) bdant lehhunt, ladγa imi ay d-llant aṭas n tfelfas (manoeuvres) gar-asent deg yilel seg wasmi ay stenyant snat-a n tmura leεqed n tdukli tasuddast (partenariat stratégique) deg Yebrir n 2005.   

 

 

Ma d assaγen (relations) gar Ccinwa ed Japun d wid ay d-yekkan, taggara-a, γef yiwet n tallit n ccwal d ameqran. Tawlalt (marine) tajapunit tejhed, taknussna-nnes (technologie) tif s waṭas tin n Ccinwa, yerna aṭas aya seg wasmi ara ttgen Yijapuniyen tifelfas (manoeuvres) akked tewlalt tamarikanit. D acu kan, taluft ay icerken Japun ed Ccinwa γef temsalt n tegzirin n Senkaku d ayen ay d-ikecfen ḍḍeεfan n Japun. Yuγ lḥal, tamurt-a tesεa Tamenḍawt tamsalwit (Constitution pacifiste) [d tin aydeg Japun tesεa igen –armée- i wakken kan ad tḥudd iman-nnes], d tin ay deg d-kkaten yiγelnaẓriyen (nationalistes) ijapuniyen, yerna deg tegnit am ta, Ijapuniyen ṛuḥen amzun ur ẓrin d acu ara gen mi ara ten-tenbec Ccinwa.  

 

 

Menγir Lhend ed Japun, annerni n tezmert n Ccinwa yessaged daγen ula d timura ur nejhid aṭas n tama-a, gar-asent Malizya, Indunisya ed Singapur – ay iqeddcen s tazzla, taggara-a, akken ad sjehdent tiwlalin-nsent (marines) ed ad tent-rren d titrarin (modernes). Timura-a ttagadent lemmer Imarikaniyen (ay iweḥlen yagi deg Lεiraq ed Afγanistan) ad jjen tilelli i Ccinwa deg tama-a, imi taswiεt-a, Iwunak Yeddukklen ssusmen yerna ur d-giren iman-nsen deg ussewseε ara ssewsaεen Yicinwaten iγallen-nsen deg Ugaraw Ahendi.

 

 

Icinwaten ukin s wewḥal-a n Yimarikaniyen, dγa γef waya ara qeddcen war aḥbas i lmend n lebni n yiγerruba, ama seg yicanṭiyen n Yilel Awraγ arma d wid n Yilel n Ccinwa Anẓulan (mer de Chine méridionale). Isaduren iwlalen (bases navales), isugan (lmerṣ̣at) n yisafen, iseγlen (digues), isaduren iḥerzen ddaw yilel (gar-asen asadur n Sanya deg tegzirt n Hainan) simal la rennun ttwabnayen yerna simal la trennu Ccinwa tettarra-ten d itraren. Asnerni-a yedda-d ed unnerni n tdamsa tacinwat, d acu kan, tadamsa-a tettkel s 90% γef yiberdan n yilel. Deg 2006, timguryin (industries) n yilel deg Ccinwa uwḍent γer 10% seg Ufaris agensi amsari (produit intérieur brut), yerna sebεa seg yisugan imezwura n umaḍal llan d isugan icinwaten, yerna annerni-a yerza ama d tawlalt taγarimt (civile), ama d tawlalt taserdasit. Aγawas (plan) n “Teknussna taεlayant n yilel” n udabu acinwat d win yeddan akked lebni n yiγerruba, dγa yekfa idrimen i yisenfaren (projets) ara yesjehden ugar tawlalt tacinwat s ttawilat yeddan γer sdat. Γef umedya, imir-a Ccinwa teqqel tesεa anagraw n yigensaten (système de satellites) i lmend n ussideg (localisation), d win umi γγaren Beidu, am wakken ay tesεa ttawilat n tεessast deg yilel ed ttawilat n wesnerni n yicanṭiyen n lebni n yiγerruba.   

 

 

Deg wenrar n tewlalt taγarimt (marine civile), deg 1995, Ccinwa teqqel d tamurt tis tlata deg umaḍal deg lebni n yiγerruba sdeffir n Japun ed Kurya n Wenẓul (sud), yerna ass-a tezmer Ccinwa ad tif snat-a n tmura deg wenrar-a. Yuγ lḥal, Icinwaten tteklen, deg lebni n yiγerruba, γef snat teṛmisin (ccarikat) timeqranin, China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) ed China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), yerna yes-sent, tamurt-a tezmer ad teqqel d nettat ay d tamezwarut deg umaḍal deg lebni n yiγerruba deg 2020, yerna aya ur deg lbaṭel: yuγ lḥal, deg Ccinwa, icanṭiyen n lebni n yiγerruba iγarimen d nitni, daγen, ay yettusseqdacen i lebni yiγerruba iserdasiyen.

 

 

Mi ara agaden ula d Imarikaniyen

 

 

Adlis amellal wis xemsa [ay d-itteffγen deg Ccinwa seg 1998] d win ay d-yeffγen deg 2006, yerna yessken-d amek ay tuki Ccinwa s wazal ay tezmer ad tesεu tewlalt taserdasit (marine militaire), γas ma yella tamurt-a tebda-d tikli-nnes deg yiseggasen n 1990 akken ad tesnerni tawlalt-nnes. S waya, Ccinwa-nni ay yellan, zik, tettakf azal i wesnerni n yigen-nnes n tegnit (armée de terre), teqqel imir-a tesεa tawlalt ed yigen n yigenni ay yes tettzuxxu. Aseqqamu alemmas n Ukabar Asduklan (parti communiste) Acinwat akked tseqqamut taserdasit talemmast (yesεan adabu ijehden deg Ccinwa) d wid ay deg ttekkan, ass-a, ugar n yifesyanen (officiers) n tewlalt akked yigen n yigenni. Yuγ lḥal, deg 2007, 25% seg yiserdasen n tedγert (élite) llan seg yigen n yigenni, yili deg 1992, Ccinwa tella tesεa kann 14% seg yiserdasen-nnes n tedγert deg yigen-a. 

 

 

Icinwaten ur jjin ula d yiwen n wenrar yesεan azal deg wesnerni n tewlalt-nsen (marine). Ass-a, tamurt-a tesεa tlata tanawin (flottes) : tamiṛalit n Wegmuḍ (ccerq) yesεan iγef-nnes deg Shanghai, tamiṛalit n Wenẓul, iγef-nnes deg Zhanjiang, akked tamiṛalit n Ugafa, iγef-nnes deg Qingdao. Yal yiwet seg tanawin-a tesεa tarbaεt-nnes n yisafagen (ṛṛublanat) aydeg llan yimesberrawen (bombardiers) ed yinegmaren (chasseurs). Ccinwa tesεa daγen ttawilat d itraren (modernes) ugar am yimedliyen (destroyers) n Luyang i uḥuddu n yigenni akked tferqaḍin (frégates) n Ma’an-shan ur d-yettaṭṭaf uṛadaṛ, d wid ay d-ixelfen tiferqaḍin n Jiangwei n yiseggasen n 1990. S waya, Ccinwa dindin tessaweḍ γer weswir d aεlayan yili deg yiseggasen n 1970, tella mazal-itt tesεa kan azal n 500 n yiγerruba i lmend n tεessast n tefsirin-nnes (côtes). Ass-a, Icinwaten sneqsen s wezgen iγerruba-a n tεessast, d acu kan, iγerruba-nsen n tlemmast n yilel nnernan arma ay uwḍen γer settin.

 

 

Ccinwa tesεa daγen iγerruba ay izemren ad alyen γer lberr, ladγa imi ay tga leḥsabat-nnes tezmer ad tt-terr tmara ad teẓdem s yiserdasen-nnes γef tegzirin n Spratleys neγ γef Taiwan. Icinwaten la d-ssaγen, daγen, iγerruba ittekksen lminat seg yilel, iγerruba n tεessast ay izemren ad wten timeẓdiyin (missiles) ed yiγerruba imaynuten n upitṛul i lmend n ussiweḍ n userγu (carburant) i yiγerruba-nsen iserdasiyen deg tlemmast n yilel (lebḥeṛ). Yuγ lḥal, Ccinwa tessaγ-d ttawil-a ula seg tmura tibeṛṛaniyin. Γef umedya, tesγa-d iγerruba n WPC yettazzalen deg yilel seg Ustṛalya, imedliyen (destroyers) n Sovremenny ed tneḍḍabin (sous-marins) n Kilo seg Rusya, inagrawen n yimenγi (systèmes de combat) seg Ṭṭalyan ed Fṛansa, akked yimerdan (lemdafeε) n yilel seg Tmura n Wadda (Pays-Bas). 

 

 

S waya, Ccinwa tessaγ-d γef tmura tibeṛṛaniyin, tettneqqil-d fell-asent, tessezgay-d ttawilat-nsen yerna tesselhay ttawilat ay tt-iεejjben – yerna d aya ay yessewhamen wid-nni ay as-yesnuzuyen. D acu kan, deg kra n yinurar, am deg win n wemgaru aliktṛunan (guerre électronique), win n yimuturen ed yinagrawen n yimenγi yettuṛekkben deg yiγerruba yesεan taknussa (technologie) taεlayant, mazal Ccinwa tettkel γef tmura tibeṛṛaniyin, ladγa γef Rusya. 

 

 

 

Ma d tineḍḍabin (sous-marins), sεant azal ameqran deg wahil (programme) n wesnerni n tewlalt (marine) tacinwat. Yuγ lḥal, Ccinwa werεad tesεi, ar ass-a, amaway n yisafagen (porte-avions) itteddun, d acu kan, Icinwaten sγan-d γef Rusya amaway n yisafagen n Varyag, yerna snernayen-t akken ad t-rren itteddu. Maca taswiεt-a, imi ur d-yewjid umaway-nnes n yisafagen, Ccinwa tezmer kan ad tettkel γef tneḍḍabin-nnes lemmer ad tt-terr tmara ad tennaγ ed tanawt (flotte) tis VII n Yiwunak Yeddukklen, d tin iferqen iγallen-nnes γef tegzirt n Guam, Japun, Kurya n Wenẓul, yerna d tin ay yes ḍemnen Yimarikaniyen tafulmant (autonomie) n Taiwan. Tanawt tacinwat tesεa yagi xemsa n tneḍḍabin taγsiyin n tummγa (sous-marins nucléaires ḍataques) ed yiwet n tneḍḍabt taγsit yettzellin timeẓdiyin (lanceur ḍengins), d tin ay izemren ad tawey yid-s 12 tmeẓdiyin tibalistiyin (missiles balistiques) ay izemren ad awḍent γer 3500 n yikilumitren. Ccinwa tesεa daγen azal n tlatin n tneḍḍabin itteddun s wediesel ed trisiti, am wakken ay tt-mazal tbennu ugar n 20 n tneḍḍabin timaynutin.

 

 

Lxezna-a n yemrigen (leslaḥ) d tin yebdan tessagad tanawt (flotte) tamarikanit tis VII, ladγa imi amiṛalen (amiraux) snekren harara γef Congress ed Wexxam Amellal asmi ay d-nnan Ccinwa, ma tkemmel akka, tezmer ad tesεu tineḍḍabin ugar n Yiwunak Yeddukklen deg Ugaraw Imelwi (océan Pacifique) seg-a γer 2020. Kra seg yemḍebbren yesεan amkan s wazal-nnes am Duncan Hunter yeffeγ-iten leεqel, seg melmi kan, imi ay ẓran Ccinwa tuweḍ γer tegnit-a. Amḍan (nombre) n tuzzyiwin n tεessast ay gant tneḍḍabin taγsiyin n tummγa (sous-marins nucléaires ḍattaques) tincinwatin deg useggas n 2007 i yiman-nnes kan yugar win ay tga Ccinwa deg xemsa seg 2001 arma ay d 2006. Ula d aṛabul n useggas n Pentagon yessken-d tugdi n yigen (armée) amarikani seg unnerni n ljehd n tewlalt tacinwat [http://www.defenselink.mi l/pubs/pdfs/070523-China-Military-Power-final.pdf]. D acu kan, kra ttwalin tugdi-a ur tt-imγur war lmeεna, imi ar ass-a, ula d yiwen ur yeẓri d acu ay zemrent ad t-gent, s tidet, tneḍḍabin ticinwatin, yerna llan wid yettwalin tineḍḍabin-a ur izad wara deg-sent. Nnig waya, tawlalt (marine) tamarikanit tesεa 53 n tneḍḍabin taγsiyin n tummγa, d titrarin (modernes), yerna s waya, tugar snat n tikkal anect ay sεant akk tmura niḍen seg tneḍḍabin-a lemmer ad tent-id-nesdukkel. Iwunak Yeddukklen sεan daγen 12 seg 15-nni n yimawayen n yisafagen yellan deg umaḍal, am wakken ay sεan isafagen (ṛṛublanat) yessevṛaqen tineḍḍabin ur nesεi tamtilt deg umḍal. Yuγ lḥal, γas ma yella kra ttwalin Iwunak Yeddukklen teddun akken ad nnaγen ed Ccinwa, uḍḍun aneggaru n tsufiγt (publication) tamarikanit n Quadrennial Defense Review d win ay d-yessawlen γef wemεiwen ay izemren ad d-yili gar Yiwunak Yeddukklen ed tmurt-a umi ara tettnerni tezmert.

 

 

Ma d tagnit deg yilel (lebḥer) n Asya n Wenẓul (sud) werεad ur tuwiḍ γer wanda ara temsizzel Ccinwa ed tmura niḍen deg ssεaya n yemrigen (leslaḥ), wanag, taswiεt-a, Ccinwa ed Pakistan ddukklent i wakken ad d-ḥettment ljehd-nsen sdat tewlalin (marines) n Lhend, Iwunak Yeddukklen, Ustṛalya ed Japun war ma yella uwḍent γer teεdawt ay d-ibanen.

 

 

Ass-a, Ccinwa tettazzal i lmend n lebni n tewlalt (marine) ijehden, yerna aya yesskanay-d ssqeḍ-nnes imi ass-a, Icinwaten ttḥulfun amzun εeḍḍlen ed ḍeyyεen aṭas n wakud deg wayen akka yezrin i wakken ad sjehden ttawil-nseb ara ten-yejjen ad d-ḥettmen tazmert-nsen deg umaḍal. Yuγ lḥal, ur yessekf ad nettu Ccinwa tella tebda tseεεu, azal n ṛebεa n leqrun aya, tawlalt ay yes tessaweḍ ad taweḍ γer tmura ibeεden fell-as, d acu kan, tiwlalin n „yiweḥciyen“ n Utaram (lγerb) kksent-as cciεa, dγa d anect-nni ay yejjan Icinwaten ur d-ttbanen deg yilel. Yuγ lḥal, deg tallit-nni, Icinwaten llan ẓewren deg ussilel (navigation) s yetran akked usseqdec n tbuṣ̣ult (boussole), am wakken ay d-nnan kra d nitni ay „d-yesnulfan“ tamdeyt (ancre), am wakken daγen ay llan ẓewren deg weḍbaε n tgertal (cartes) n yilel, llan sεan tijeṛṛarin n yiγerruba, tancirt n tlemmast (dérive) ay izemren ad tettuṛekkeb ed ad d-tettwakkes, yerna llan ẓewren deg lebni n yiγerruba imeqranen yesεan aṭas n yibudiden (mâts) ed ttawilat ittezzin i lmend n tenheṛt n uγerrabu. Iγerruba icinwaten n tallit-nni llan sεan tixxamin ur keccmen waman ed tlewwayin n ubudid n tegrayt (gouvernail d'étambot). Wi akk d isnulfuyen ay snernan, sakkin, Wutrimen (Iγerbiyen) yerna sqedcen-ten i wakken … ad sseγlin s wazal n Ccinwa.     

 

 

Icinwaten ssekfalen-d iberdan n yemsilel*-nsen ameqran Zheng He

 

 

*navigateur

 

 

 

Deg lqern wis XV, Ccinwa tella tesεa yiwen n wamiṛal agur (eunuque) isem-nnes Zheng He, d netta ay inehṛen yiwet n tanawt (flotte) n wugar n 300 n yiγerruba akken ad ddun ed ad ssnen igarawen (océans) n umaḍal. D acu kan, deg tgara n tallit n twacult n Ming (1358-1644), Ccinwa teḥbes asnirem-a (exploration) n yilel, yerna telha-d kan ed yiman-nnes. Bitt teqqel tettεaqab s tmattant ula d wid ibennun iγerruba i lmend n ussikel (voyage) deg tlemmast n yilel. D acu kan, ass-a, Icinwaten ukin ed tuccḍa-nsen yerna bγan ad ddun deg lateṛ n yimezwura-nsen ay uwḍen γer yigarawen ibeεden. 

 

 

 

 

Adeg n Chinafrique (http://www.chinafrique.com/) d win ay d-yessawalen γef Yicinwaten deg Tefriqt, yerna yeḥka-d γef yiwet n teqcict takenyan isem-nnes Mwamaka Shariff, ed yenna-d « lejdud-nnes d iwlalen (marins) incinwaten ay d-imenεen asmi ay yezder uγerrabu-nsen mi iwet deg yiwen n wazig (écueil) ugar n 500 n yiseggasen aya ». Taqcict-a, s yisem n tjaddit-nnes ay d-yekkan seg Yicinwaten-a ay yeddren deg Tefriqt, yeεreḍ-itt-id udabu acinwat akken ad telmed deg yiwet n tesdawit tacinwat, yerna tettwaεreḍ daγen akken ad tettekki deg wesfugel n Tmeγra n wesmekti n Zheng He ay d-yellan deg Taicang, deg temnaḍt (province) tacinwat n Jiangsu, d tamdint ayseg, γef wakken d-nnan, yeqleε wamiṛal-a s tanawt-nnes akken ad yeddu γer Tefriqt. Dγa yebder-d udeg-a ayen d-tenna teqcict-nni mi tedda γer Ccinwa: “Ttḥulfuγ amzun qqleγ-d s axxam-inu … ».

 

Imsilel (navigateur) acinwat Zheng He

 

 

Maca amek ara yili uzekka deg waman iluγen n Asya n Wenẓul Agmuḍan (Sud-Est) ? Yuγ lḥal, taggara-a, Imarikaniyen ssuggten leqdic i lmend n wemεiwen akked tewlalin (marines) n tmura n Asya (tid n Lhend ed Japun), maca daγen ttemεawanen ula akked tin n Ccinwa, war ccek, i wakken ad εerḍen ad ḥekmen akken zemren annerni-a ara tettnerni tezmert n Ccinwa deg yilel.

 

 

Yiwet seg tγawsiwin tineggura ay d-yellan deg wanect-a netta d tifelfas-nni (manoeuvres) timeqranin ay d-yellan deg 2007 s ṛṛay n tewlalt (marine) tamarikanit. Tafelfast-a umi semman Global Maritime Partnership Initiative d tin aydeg yal tamurt « tameddakelt » ara yettekkin – gar-asent tell aula d Ccinwa – ad d-tekf iγerruba i lmend n lebni n yiwet n « tanawt (flotte) n walef n yiγerruba » i lmend n yimenγi mgal tiqqerṣ̣ent. D acu kan, γef wakken ay d-yenna Yangi Yi (d anemhal n Usudu n Tezrawin Tisuddasin deg Tesdawit n Temḥaddit n yigen acinwat), yella ccek i wakken Ccinwa ad tagi ad tettekkay deg leqdicat am wi skud ur iban d acu-t yeswi uffir ay sεan Yimarikaniyen deffir-nsen ed wacu ay yes yezmer ad d-yeglu waya mi ara nemmuqel γer lbeεd.

 

 

Yuγ lḥal, Icinwaten ttbanen-d amzun εewwlen i wakken ur ttajjan acemma ad ten-yessedhu γef walluy-nsen akken ad ṭṭfen amkan ijehden deg yilel. « Amihi awraγ (péril jaune) » yettban-d d targit kan ; d acu kan, Ccinwa ur tettu imgura n uεefyun (guerres de l’opium) ed wasmi ay as-sserγen Leqṣ̣er n unebdu [Imgura n uεefyun d wid ay gant tmura tutrimin (tiγerbiyin) akked Ccinwa i lmend n ussekcem n ttjaṛa n uεefyun γer Ccinwa. Naqal d Angliziyen ay yennuγen ed Yicinwaten (seg 1839 γer 1842), sakkin ddukklen Wangliziyen ed Yefṛensisen mgal Ccinwa gar 1858 ed 1860, yerna imir-nni ay sserγen Leqṣ̣er n unebdu n umenkad (empereur) acinwat, deg Tubeṛ 1860]. S waya, Ccinwa ur d-mazal ad tejj yiwen ad yeggal deg-s neγ ad tt-iḥettem ad teg ayen ur as-nehwi, yerna γef waya ara “tettḥrzzib”. Γas ma yella tizemmar ticinwatin mazal-itent beεdent akken ad agarent tid n tewlalt (marine) tamarikanit, amezruy yemla abrid i Yicinwaten i wakken ad bnun tawlalt tamaynut ijehden, dγa γef waya ara ttwalin tikli-nsen n wass-a d azamul i usseγti (aṣ̣eḥḥeḥ) n tuccḍiwin n zik. Deg 1989, 20 n yiseggasen qbel ad tennerni tanawt (flotte) tacinwat am lebreq, yerza, i tikkelt tamezwarut, yiwen n uγerrabu aserdasi γef Yiwunak Yeddukklen, d cwiṭ kan n uγerrabu n wesleγmu (entraînement) ur nesεi azal d ameqran. D acu kan, γas ma d aḥerfi, yiwen ur as-igir tamawt i yisem n uγerrabu-nni: Zheng He, d isem n yemsilel-nni (navigateur) acinwat yuwḍen, zik, Tafriqt !

 

 

Sγur Olivier Zajec

Tasuqilt : Omar Mouffok

Taγbalut : Le Monde Diplomatique, Ctembeṛ 2008

 

 

 

Γer daγen:

 

Timeẓdit tacinwat ara yesγerqen imawayen n yisafagen imarikaniyen (sγur Ilia Kramnik) 

 

 

 

  

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