Imasiḥiyen iṣ̣ehyuniyen : gar tṛumantit ed yimenγi i lmend n Isṛayil

 

 

Sγur Frédéric Encel

 

 

Seg yiseggasen n 1970 ed 1980 ar ass-a, nger tamawt i unnerni yettazzalen deg yemdanen ara ikeccmen γer Teklizin tinjiliyin deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen akked umaḍal (yagi, ugar n 40 n yimelyunen n Yimarikaniyen ay d-yettinin qqnen γer yiwet seg teklizin-nni timsinjilin yeggten), d acu kan, nger daγen tamawt simal ttnernin yemsinjilen, simal yettnerni webdad-nsen γer tama n Isṛayil. Yuγ lḥal, ula d imḍebbren isertiyen imsinjilen sskanayen-d abdad-a, ama s yisem n ddin ed tṣ̣ehyunit, neγ s yisem n tγelnaẓri (nationalisme). D acu kan, ula zik, qbel akk ad d-tennulfu lḥemla-a tamaynut n wass-a n webdad γer tama n Isṛayil, kra n yimasiḥiyen n Tuṛuft (Europe) (ed cwiṭ n Yimarikaniyen), ama d ikaṭuliyen, d anglikaniyen neγ d ipṛutistantiyen, εawnen taṣ̣ehyunit tasertit ed Isṛayil akken ad d-tennulfu – ama s yinawen-nsen (discours) ed wayen d-uran, ama s uttekki deg yimenγi imselleḥ.

 

 

Deg lqern wis 19, llant-d kra n tugniwin (personnalité) ur nelli d tudayin ay yebdan ttwalint Udayen d « aγref (cceεb) » ay yessekfen ad yeqqel γer Falesṭin. Gar tugniwin-a mechuṛen, yella Napoléon Bonaparte. Asmi ay iga lḥemla-nnes γer Surya, deg 1799, Napoléon yenna-d « ljens-a ur nesεi amtil ḥeqren-t yimesbaṭliyen ay as-yekksen akal n lejdud-nnes, maca ur as-kkisen tudert-nnes, wala isem-nnes […] [εerḍeγ-ten-id] akken ad bedden ed yiserdasen-inu ed ad nnaγen akken ad d-rren Lquds-nni akken tella zik » (Proclamation du Mont Thabor [Taseγrut n Wedrar n Thabor] 3 seg wayyur n Prairial, aseggas wis VII). Sakkin, llan wiyaḍ ay d-ibedren daγen tamsalt-a am Palmerston, Shatesbury neγ daγen Ernest Laharanne, amaru udmawan (secrétaire personnel) n Napoléon III. Llan daγen yimura (écrivains) n tallit taṛumantit am lord Byron, Laurence Oliphant, George Eliot (deg wedlis-nnes « Daniel Deronda », deg 1876), akked ladγa Chateaubriand  ay d-yuran deg wedlis-nnes « Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem » : « Mi ara nẓer Udayen mfuzraεen deg umaḍal, γef wakken d-yenna Ṛebbi, ur yelli ccek, aya yessewham ; d acu kan, ayen ara aγ-yeswehmen ugar netta d asmi ara ten-n’zer deg Lquds. Imawlan-a n tmurt n Yahuda qqlen d aklan yerna d ibeṛṛaniyen deg tmurt-nsen : neẓra-ten, din, ttṛajun, ddaw lbaṭel ay ittekken fell-asen, agellid ara d-yasen ad ten-yeslelli ». D acu kan, sdeffir n wacḥal n tmerwin (dizaines) n yiseggasen, tbeddel tallit ; wid ay ibedden ed tṣ̣ehyunit ur ten-nettaf deg Tuṛuft wanag deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, yerna yeqqel uεiwen n tṣ̣ehyunit d tamsalt ikecmen deg yiwen n yimenγi aserti-aserdasi d aqesḥan, ay deg qqlen yiṣ̣ehyuniyen, deg Falesṭin, ttnaγen mgal iγallen ibriṭaniyen yettuwekklen γef tmurt-a.

 

 

Yuγ lḥal, deg tallit-nni, aεiwen amarikani i yiṣ̣ehyuniyen ur yelli s tin n tṛumantit neγ n wesḥissef γef lḥif n Wudayen, wanag d aεiwen i usseqdec n yiγil imselleḥ i lmend n wesnulfu n Uwanak imzireg (Etat indépendant) i Wudayen. I lmend n waya, aṭas n tuddsiwin (organisations) timasiḥiyin ay d-yegren tiγri, deg tallit-nni i wakken Iwunak Yeddukklen ad εawnen Udayen akken ad d-sbedden Isṛayil. Deg 1947 (qell n useggas seg wasmi ay fukent tedyanin n Uhulukust yerna cwiṭ kan qbel ad d-teffeγ tneγtust-nni [résolution] mechuṛen n Yeγlanen Yeddukklen [ONU] i lmend n beḍḍu n Falesṭin), Aseqqamu amasiḥi i lmend n Falesṭin (yellan d tuddsa tamasiḥit ijehden deg Marikan), ay d-yessuffγen yiwet n tseγrut (déclaration) i  uselway amarikani Truman ed wegdud amarikani s umata, akken ad yeεreḍ ad ten-iqenneε, dγa yenna-d : « Deg Falesṭin, yella umussu n wezbu (mouvement de résistance) [n Wudayen] ay deg lan yergazen ed tsednan yesεan lkuṛaj, yerna tiḍḍurfa-nsen (extrémistme) ur tt-tif tin n yemhuras (colons) imarikaniyen « ittessen llatay » deg Boston neγ tin n yiγewwaγen (rebelles) irlandiyen n 1920. Imeγnasen-a [udayen] azekka ad qqlen d asaḍen (héros) ara ikecmen deg umezruy. Yuγ lḥal, imenγi-nsen i wakken ad qelεen tamgelsamit (antisémitisme) seg yiẓuran yugar imenγi n wakk wid yennuγen i lmend n waya, yerna imeγnasen-a kkaten i wakken ad d-sseknen i yimasiḥiyen amek Udayen zemren ad ilin d imenγan (combattants) i lmend n weslelli aγelnaw (libération nationale). Nebded s leqder γer yidis n yimenγi mgal lbaṭel anglizi deg Falesṭin, yerna yessekf ad yennerni webdad-nneγ deg wussan-a ay d-itteddun ara yilin weεṛen. Nettuqenneε s Yimarikaniyen, arraw n wasaḍen (héros) n 1776, ad εawnen iferfaniyen (patriotes) udayen deg Falesṭin deg tallit-a iweεṛen ».

 

 

S ubeckiḍ deg ufus

 

 

D acu kan, abdad-a γer yidis n yiṣ̣ehyuniyen ur yeqqim kan deg wawal ed yinawen (discours), wanag llan wid ay t-yesfeεlen. Deg Falesṭin (ay yellan seddaw n lewkala tabriṭanit), ama deg tallit n 1930-1940 (ay deg d-tella tnekra n Waεṛaben deg tmurt-a), ama deg « wemgaru n uzarug (guerre ḍindépendance) » (neγ amgaru aεṛab-isṛayili amezwaru), llan Yimasiḥiyen ay yenneγen s yisem n tmasiḥit yerna s ubeckiḍ deg ufus, γer yidis n yiṣ̣ehyuniyen. Yiwen seg-sen d afesyan (officier) ikusi Charles Orde Wingate (ay d-ilulen deg Lhend deg 1903), yerna d win ay igan tiγawsiwin s wazal-nsent deg wenrar-a. Gar Yunyu ed Tubeṛ 1938, yettunekf-as lameṛ akken ad yesleγmu (entraîner) ilmeẓyen ay d-ikecmen d imaynuten i lmend n tεessast n yiḍ n uqadus n upitṛul n Irak Petroleum Company, ay d-yusan seg Lεiraq arma d tamdint n Ḥaifa deg Falesṭin [Bar-Zvi, 1987]. D acu kan, Wingate yella d amasiḥi yerγan γef tṣ̣ehyunit, yessen mliḥ Lεahed Aqbur (Ancien Testament) n Tbibelt yerna yeγra taεebrit, dγa yella d amdan yettuqennεen s tekta n tṣ̣ehyunit. Γef wayenni, yessaweḍ ad iqenneε ajiniṛal abriṭani Wavel (ay yellan, imir-nni, d imḍebber aεlayan n yigen [armée] deg Falesṭin) i wakken ad d-yessekcem γer yiγallen imsellḥen ibriṭaniyen udayen yellan deg Falesṭin. Mi yeqbel Ujiniṛal Wavel, Wingate yessaweḍ ad yesleγmu azal n meyya n yelmeẓyen ur nesεi ttejṛiba yerna yesselmed-asen titaktiyin tiserdasiyin (tactiques militaires) am usseqdec n yemrigen (leslaḥat), titekniyin n tummγa akked d tuffra, imenγi s lqerb akked yimenγi deg yiḍ. Wingate yekfa-asen i yelmeẓyen-a asselmed aserdasi n weswir aεlayan ay deg ay lemden daγen aneḍfar (discipline) ed ṣ̣ṣ̣ber γef lḥif n yimenγi. Wingate iga-asen timsirin ula γef yimenγiyen iqburen n yemḍebbren ed yigelliden udayen !

 

 

Aqebṭan Orde Wingate 

 

Aṭas seg yiserdasen-a, qqlen, sakkin, ttekkan deg temlict (milice) n Haganah [ay yettekkan deg ussuffeγ n Yifalesṭiniyen seg wakal-nsen], am wakken ay ttekkan, daγen deg yiγallen n tedγert (élite) n yigen (armée) isṛayili deg wemgaru isṛayili-aεṛab amezwaru n 1948-1949. Yiwen seg wid mechuṛen seg-sen netta d Yaakov Dori ay yeqqlen, sakkin, d iγef n teγlamt (chef ḍétat-major) amezwaru n Isṛayil, akked Moshe Dayan ay yeqqlen d iγef n teγlamt (deg wemgaru-nni n Terga n Sswis, deg 1956), sakkin yeqqel d aneγlaf n temḥaddit deg Wemgaru n Setta Wussan (deg 1967) ed Wemgaru n Kippur  (deg 1973).

 

 

Yuγ lḥal, Wingate ur igi ccγel-nnes akken kan ay as-nnan yemḍebbren n tmurt-nnes, wanag yeffeγ i webrid, ladγa deg tallit-nni, Ibriṭaniyen llan εerrḍen ad ḥeṛsen iṣ̣ehyuniyen. D aya ay yejjan igen (armée) abriṭani ad yazen Wingate γer Ityupya deg 1939. Wingate yemmut xemsa n yiseggasen sakkin deg Myanmaṛ (Birmanya), deg yiwet n tberrawt (bombardement) n Yijapuniyen. D acu kan, deg qell n useggas, Wingate yurar dduṛ d ameqran deg wemsal n llsas n yigen isṛayili ay yellan itteddu akken ad d-yennulfu, ladγa asmi ay yesleγma udayen ay yettekkan deg terbaεt-nnes n Special Night Squad (tarbaεt tusligt n yiḍ), d tarbaεt n yiserdasen iweεṛen yemmuzzgen (spécialisée) deg yimenγi mgal temgarut (guérilla). Sdeffir ma yedda Wingate, wid yettekkan deg temlict (milice) n Haganah rran-as tajmilt yerna kfan-as isem n HaYedid (ameddakel) ay yes ay t-εuzzen.

 

 

D acu kan, sdeffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis Sin, llan yimasiḥiyen niḍen ay yettekkan srid deg yimenγi imselleḥ i lmend n uεiwen n Wudayen akken ad d-sbedden Awanak (ddula) n Isṛayil, s yisem n wazalen imasiḥiyen. Yiwen seg-sen d Maurice Muhlethaler, d apṛutistanti aswisi. Argaz-a ur yettekka deg Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin, maca, γef wakken d-yenna: “bγiγ ad cerkeγ lmektub-inu ed win n Wudayen”. Muhlethaler yella seg yimezwura ay iqedcen i lmend n tukci n yidammen i yiserdasen Udayen deg 1948, sakkin yettekka deg ussebded n Tbanka Tisṛayilit n Yidammen. D acu kan, akk imasiḥiyen niḍen ay yettekkan deg uεiwen n Wudayen deg tallit-nni seg wid yennuγen deg Wemgaru Amaḍlan.

 

 

Yiwen seg-sen d Thadée Diffre, d afṛensis yellan, ula d netta, d amasiḥi yerγan γef ddin-nnes, yerna yurar dduṛ d ameqran deg wemgaru aεṛab-isṛayili n 1948-1949. Diffre yekcem γer terbaεt taserdasit n Mahal, ay d-snulfan Wudayen i lmend kan n yimenγan (combattants) ibeṛṛaniyen ara iεawnen Isṛayil, yerna Diffre yenna-d assenger n Wudayen deg Tuṛuft, d tamsalt ay t-iḥuzan mliḥ deg wul-nnes, dγa γef wayenni ay yella yebγa ad yettekki deg yimenγi akken ur iḍerru waya tikkelt niḍen deg Falesṭin.

 

 

Yuγ lḥal, qbel Amgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) Wis Sin, Diffre yella d anedbal (administrateur) deg tehras (colonies) tifṛensisin. Sakkin, deg 1940, asmi ay tekcem Lalman γer Fṛansa, Diffre yeqqel-d γer wakal n Fṛansa ur nelli seddaw udabu n Walmaniyen, dγa yeqqel d aqebṭan n Taẓunt Tis Snat n Yemderrεen (Division Blindée) deg wemgaru-nni. Diffre yeqqel, sakkin, d « ameddakkel n Weslelli (compagnon de la Libération) », sakkin, d iγef n useqqamu (chef de cabinet) n René Pleven. Taggara, yeqqel iqeddec d aneṣ̣ṣ̣aḥ unṣ̣ib (conseiller officiel) i uselway n Côte-ḍIvoire, Félix Houphouët-Boigny. Diffre yemmut deg Fṛansa, deg 30 Dujembeṛ 1971, deg yiwen n usehwu (accident) n tenhaṛt.

 

 

Thadée Diffre (deg tlemmast) deg Falesṭin i lmend n uεiwen n Wudayen

 

Asmi ay yenker wemgaru aεṛab-isṛayili amezwaru deg 1948, Diffre yessebded-d tigget n tedγert (unité ḍélite) ay γef yeqqel d imḍebber, d tin umi semman « Azlu (commando) afṛensis » (HaCommando Hatsarfati). Tigget-a teqqel mechuṛet ladγa imi ay d nettat ay d tamezwarut ay yessawḍen ad tekcem, deg 1948, γer temdint n Birsaba (Beersheva), d amkan s wazal-nnes deg wemgaru-a imi d nettat ay d tamdint tawḥidt deg uneẓruf (ṣ̣ṣ̣eḥra) n Naqab. Azlu-a yennuγ daγen yiwen n yimenγi iweεṛen aṭas deg Hashanim, deg uneẓruf n Naqab, mgal iγallen imaṣ̣riyen, yerna yessaweḍ ad iḥudd tiγilt n Hashanim sdeffir ma yesṛuḥ 9 n yiserdasen yerna ttwajerḥen-as 24 gar 58 n yiserdasen. Deg 7 Ctembeṛ 1995, Isṛayiliyen bnan yiwet n tmenzit (monument) deg Hashanim, deg Naqab, d tin ay yes rran tajmilt i Thadée Diffre ed yiserdasen-nnes.

 

 

Llan aṭas n yimasiḥiyen niḍen, ama d wid yesεan aswir d aεlayan neγ ala, ay yettekkan srid deg yimenγi, γer yidis n yiṣ̣ehyuniyen ed yisṛayiliyen deg tallit-nni, ladγa deg terbaεt-nni n Mahal. [Isem n terbaεt-a netta d assewzel n « mitnadvei houtz laarezt », anamek-nnes : iwiziwen n beṛṛa (ur d ibeṛṛaniyen). Γas ur llin deg-s aṭas n medden – 600 kan n yergazen ed tlawin asmi ay qesseḥ wemgaru, gar-asen aṭas n yimasiḥiyen -, aṭas tarbaεt-a tella teddukkel deg ṛṛay ed leqdic-nnes yerna amur ameqran seg wid yettekkan deg-s llan sεan ttejṛiba ijehden deg yimenγi. D aya ay yessawḍen tarbaεt n Mahal ad turar dduṛ s wazal-nnes deg temhalt (opérations) ay d-yellan ladγa deg tama n Ljalil tagmuḍant (tacerqit) ed uneẓruf n Naqab – d tanqiḍt ay d-yerna Encel ].

 

 

Gar yimasiḥiyen-a, nezmer ad d-nebder anglikani abriṭani David Apple (isem-nnes n tidet d Thomas Derek Bodwen), yellan d afesyan amsersu (officier parachutiste). Deg Wemgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) Wis Sin, Apple yennuγ deg Arnheim, d acu kan, yejbed iman-nnes seg yigen (armée) abriṭani imi ur yeqbil, γef leḥsab-nnes, tagnit iweεṛen ay deg llan Wudayen deg Falesṭin seddaw lewkala tabriṭanit. Larry Grall, d Amarikani, ay yennuγen, ula d netta γer yidis n yiṣ̣ehyuniyen qbel ad yemmet deg wemgaru n Kurya. Beurling, seg Kanada, γγaren-as « Buzz », d yiwen seg yiserdasen ikanadiyen iẓewren akk deg Wemgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin (yerbeḥ 31 n yimenγiyen), iεawen, ula d netta, isṛayiliyen, qbel ma yemmut deg Roma, deg yiwen n usafag (avion) yeccuṛen d sselεa ay ssefran ad tt-awyen γer Isṛayil. Ma d Roger Tourièse, seg Fṛansa, yemmut deg Lquds, deg tefsut n 1948, deg yiwen n yimenγi ay gan yiγallen iṣ̣ehyuniyen i wakken ad teqqim temdint-a gar yifassen-nsen. Tourièse yettwamḍel s leqder deg tmeqbert taserdasit n wedrar n Karmal, deg temdint n Ḥaifa.

 

 

Ma d imenγan (combattants) imasiḥiyen niḍen ay yennuγen s idis n yiṣ̣ehyuniyen, ur nessin fell-asen aṭas n tγawsiwin deg wayen yerzan ddin-nsen, tasnakta-nsen ed leqdic-nsen aserdasi ; d acu kan, iban tecrek-iten akk yiwet n tγawsa : ayen ay ten-yejjan ad εezmen ad ddun ad nnaγen i lmend n Uwanak-aγlan (Etat-nation) uday, γas ẓran zemren ad mmten, netta d taflest-nsen (foi) talqayant deg ddin amasiḥi. Yuγ lḥal, yiwen seg-sen ur yeεriḍ ad yekcem deg ddyana tudayt, am wakken yiwen ur yejwij ed tmeṭṭut tudayt deg Isṛayil. Maca, seg tama niḍen, ur d-sskinen akṛah-nsen mgal Waεṛaben, wala mgal Yinselmen. Aṭas seg yiserdasen-a ay yellan sskanayen-d teflest-nsen s ddin amasiḥi yerna llan beγγun ad εellqen amidag (croix) neγ ad awyen yid-sen Tibibelt (Bible) akken ad d-sseknen tinettit-nsen (identité) tamasiḥit.

 

 

Imsinjilen

 

 

Imsinjilen ttwalin Udayen d aγref (cceεb) ara yesεun dduṛ deg Nnger n umaḍal, deg Tuqqla n Sidna Σisa ed beddu n tallit-nni ay deg ara yeḥkem amaḍal, imi ay ttamnen s wayen ay d-yettwabedren deg Lεahed Aqbur (Ancien Testament) n Tbibelt, ladγa ayen d-nnan yimazunen (prophères) imeqranen (am Σisu, Irmya ed Ḥizqyal) γef wayen ara yeḍrun deg yimal. Γef waya, imsinjilen ttwalin yessekf ad d-sεejlen taswiεt-nni ay deg ara d-yeqqel Sidna Σisa s uεiwen n « warraw n Ṛebbi » imennejla akken ad d-qqlen γer Tmurt timqeddest.

 

 

Tamuγli-a n tṣ̣ehyunit tamasiḥit ur tekkat i wakken d Imasihi’yen ara izedγen deg Isṛayil, wanag tekkat i wakken ad ttεawen Udayen akken ad ddun ad zedγen din yerna/neγ ad qqimen din. Gar 1994 ed 2002, Tagmat Tagraγlant gar Yimasiḥiyen ed Wudayen (International Fellowship of Christians and Jews), tejmeε-d qrib 65 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen i lmend n uεiwen n yinig n Wudayen γer Isṛayil. Tarbaεt-a, ay d-yennulfan deg 1983, d yiwet seg trebbaε tiṣ̣ehyuniyin ijehden akk deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen. Ma d yiwet n terbaεt niḍen, Christians for Israel/USA (Imasiḥiyen i lmend n Isṛayil/Iwunak Yeddukklen), tettṣ̣errif seg 1991 idrimen i lmend n yinig n Wudayen (ayen umi γγaren aliya) n Tdukli Tasuvyatit taqburt γer Isṛayil, yerna ssawḍen ad εawnen ugar n 65.000 n Wudayen akken ad gen aya. Kra n trebbaε niḍen, am Tmahelt (ambassade) tamasiḥit deg Lquds – ay yesεan ifurkawen deg waṭas n tmura n Tuṛuft, yerna ula deg Fṛansa – akked terbaεt n First Pentecostal Tabernacle, d tid ay yettgen lecγal i lmend n uεiwen n Wudayen yeḥwajen ed teγwalt (communication), d acu kan, iswi-nsen netta d assejhed n Wudayen deg Isṛayil i wakken, asmi ara yeddukkel, ad yesteεṛef s Σisa neγ s Umasiḥ, yerna d aya ara d-yessukksen ula d imasiḥiyen ur nettamen.

 

Imsinjilen deg temdint n Lquds - Taḥacit-nni yura-d deg-s "Isṛayil, ur telliḍ i yiman-nnem" (taγbalut)

 

 

Aγnas-a (militantisme) icaxen, yekkan i tlisa, d win yettcewwilen, tikkal, ula d tuddsiwin (organisations) tudayin timarikaniyin ay yekkaten i lmend n Isṛayil am terbaεt n American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), tin umi nezmer ad nsemmi alubi uday. Yuγ lḥal, tirebbaε-a tudayin εerrḍent ad d-kfent tugna yelhan γef yiman-nsent, dγa ttḥazent kra n temsal ay γef ur yelli wemsefham ula gar Wudayen : imi amur ameqran seg-sent d tid imalen γer tsertit tamarikanit n uzelmaḍ (yerna qerbent, cwiṭ, ula γer uzelmaḍ n Isṛayil), tirebbaε-a tudayin beddent γer yidis n lemcawṛat gar Isṛayil ed Udabu afalesṭini : asarag (conférence) n Madrid (1991), imtawayen n Oslo (1993-2000) akked Tewriqt n webrid [feuille de route] deg 2003. D acu kan, seg tama niḍen, tirebbaε timasiḥiyin tiṣ̣ehyuniyin beddent γer yidis n yikabaren isṛayiliyen n uyeffus, yerna sskanayent-d aya.

 

 

Yuγ lḥal, seg melmi kan [2005], d timeyyatin n Yimarikaniyen ay yeddan γer Γezza akken ad bedden γer yidis n yemhuras (colons) isṛayiliyen ay izedγen deg Gush Katif, qbel ad ten-yessuffeγ yigen (armée) isṛayili, yerna d luluf n yimasiḥiyen niḍen ay igan timeskanin (manifestations) deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen akken ad d-sseknen urfan-nsen γef « lexdeε » n Ariel Sharon [ay iεezmen ad yejbed imhuras isṛayiliyen seg wakal n Γezza].

  

 

Tin yernan γer-s, tuddsiwin (organisations) tudayin timarikaniyin ugadent seg temzizzelt (concurrence) n trebbaε timasiḥiyin tiṣ̣ehyuniyin: yuγ lḥal, tuddsiwin-a ugadent lemmer, s wazekka, ad qqlent trebbaε timasiḥiyin tiṣ̣ehyuniyin d nitenti ara yettakfen amur ameqran seg lemεawnat i Isṛayil – ladγa imi tirebbaε-a rγant γef Isṛayil ugar n Wudayen s timmad-nsen! – dγa aya ad asent-yekkes cciεa i tuddsiwin tudayin timarikaniyin, ladγa imi tirebbaε timasiḥiyin tiṣ̣ehyuniyin ddan yid-sent aṭas n Wudayen imarikaniyen. Yagi, wid ara yessewjaden iman-nsen akken ad ilin d imazwaren (candidats) deg tefranin n Texxamt n Yigensasen (Chambre des Représentants), deg Useqqamu n Yemγaren (Sénat) neγdeg tefranin n tselwit (élections présidentielles) qqlen sellfen i trebbaε-a akken sellfen i tuddisiwin n ulubi uday. Yuγlḥal, yezmer lḥal, deg yiseggasen ay d-itteddun, ad yimγur wugur-a ugar imi ay yezmer ad d-yennulfu umennuγgar trebbaε-aγef wanta ara yawyen cciεa gar medden i lmend n tefranin.

 

 

Ma d Ineγlafen imezwura n Isṛayil, seg yidis-nsen, steṛḥben s ubeddel-a ay d-yellan deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen [annulfu n trebbaε timasiḥiyin tiṣ̣ehyuniyin ijehden];γef umedya (lemtel), yal aseggas tettili-d temlilit tamaḍlant (mondiale) n Tmahelt (ambassade) tamasiḥit n Lquds. Yuγlḥal, Tamahelt-a yesteεṛef yes-s udabu isṛayili s webrid unṣ̣ib (officiel) yerna imḍebber-nnes d win yesεan azal ameqranγer yemḍebbren isṛayiliyen. Aneγlaf amezwaru n Likud, Benjamin Netanyahou (ay iḥemmlen aṭas Marikan, yerna, yesεa ula d taγlent [nationalité] tamarikanit) akked Ariel Sharon seg yimeddukkal imeqranen akk n tṣ̣ehyunit tamasiḥit. Yuγlḥal, ssebba ay yejjan isertiayen-a (politiciens) ad ddun ed trebbaε-a timasiḥiyin tiṣ̣ehyuniyin ur yelli d tuṭṭfa izaden deg ddin, wanag, εerrḍen ad d-jemεen anect zemren n medden ula deg beṛṛa (s tmuγli taγelnaẓrit [nationaliste]), yerna εerrḍen ad faṛsen seg teswiεt-a ay deg izad leqdic aṣ̣ehyuni ama seg yidis n tesnakta (idéologie), ama seg yidis n yinig n Wudayenγer Falesṭin.

 

 

 

Ma deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, ssebba ay yejjan amussu-a (mouvement) imsinjil aṣ̣ehyuni ad yennerni netta deg 20 n yiseggasen-a ingeggura, llan-d 3 n yiselwayen imarikaniyen ay yeddukklen ama seg yidis n tesnakta (idéologie), ama seg yidis n leqdic, ed yemsinjilen. Yuγlḥal, amur ameqran seg wid yettekkan deg umussu-a nitni d ipṛutistantiyen imarikaniyen, d acu kan, ass-a yebda umussu-a ikeccem ulaγer yikaṭuliyen n Temrikt n Wenẓul akked Tefriqt taberkant.

 

 

Ronald Reagan (1980-1988) yellan yettqadar ayen d-tettini ddyana tamasiḥit (maca ur yelli d imsinjil), Bill Clinton yellan d abatisti uskir [baptiste tempéré] (1992-2000) ed George Bush (2000-[2008]) yellan d amiṭudi born again (d amasiḥi ay “iεawden ilul-d”) llan sεan akk assaγen (liens) ed yemsinjilen iṣ̣ehyuniyen akked Isṛayil s webrid yemgerradenγef yiselwayen imarikaniyen niḍen: bedden s wurγuγer yidis n Isṛayil s yisem-nsen d iselwayen n Yiwunak Yeddukklen yerna s yisem n tdukli yellan gar tmurt-nsen ed Isṛayil, imi Imarikaniyen sεan tanfiwin tikelduddasin [intérêts géostratégiques] akked tmurt-a deg Wegmuḍ (Ccerq) Alemmas, maca daγen, beddenγer yidis n tmurt-a s yisem n tmasiḥit-nsen.

 

 

D acu kan, ar ass-a,γas seddaw n udabu n Bush yellan d yiwen seg wid yerγanγef Isṛayil, ur yelli uselway amarikani ay isemmḥen deg tenfiwin tikelsertiyin (intérêts géopolitiques) timeqranin n Marikan i lmend n uεiwen n Isṛayil.Γef umedya (lemtel), Imarikaniyen mazal-iten snuzuyen imrigen (leslaḥat) imaẓayen i waṭas n tmura taεṛabin ay yugin Isṛayil; am wakken ay ten-mazal heṛṛsen Isṛayilγef kra n temsal tidiplumatiyin neγtisuddasin (stratégiques) (am temsalt n ussenzi n yemrigen I Ccinwa); iselwayen n Yiwunak Yeddukklen ugin, s yivetoten-nsen, ad sgijjen tamahelt (ambassade) tamarikanit deg Isṛayil seg Tel-Avivγer Lquds (γas Aseqqamu n Yemγaren [Sénat] yeqbel aya deg 1995), am wakken ay ugin ad as-εfun i uγalli isṛayili Jonathan Pollard, atg. Dγa, ad nger tamawt,γas ma yella assaγen n Yiwunak Yeddukklen akked Isṛayil gerrzen – ladγa imi ay llan Yimarikaniyen-a imasiḥiyen iṣ̣ehyuniyen -, imḍebbren imarikaniyen smenyafen ad ilin d ifṛagmatiyen (ttnadinγef nnfeε n Marikan qbel kulci), yerna srusuyen ccuruḍ-nsenγef kra n temsalt. [Dγaγef temsalt-a, yelha ma nesmekta-d gar 1956 ed 1958 (deg tallit n wemgaru n Sswis), tamsisit [alliance] tasertit-taserdasit ay d-yellan gar Fṛansa ed Isṛayil tugar tin yellan deg 2005 gar … Yiwunak Yeddukklen ed Isṛayil – d tanqiḍt sγur Encel].  

 

 

S waya, yettban-aγ-d lemmer ad teqqim tezmer n yemsinjilen imarikaniyen akken tella ass-a (ama deg ljehd-nnes, ama deg tezmert-nnes akken ad d-tawey imelyunen n Yimarikaniyen s idis-nnes), alubi uday amarikani tezmer ad teγli cciεa-nnes ed tezmer-nnes akken ad yessewliwel medden deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, yerna assaγen (relations) gar Isṛayil ed Yiwunak Yeddukklen zemren ad beddlen i lebda.

 

 

Sγur Frédéric Encel

Tasuqilt sγur Omar Mouffok

Taγbalut (source): Hérodote, uḍḍun 119, tiẓrigin n La Découverte, 2005

 

 

Frédéric Encel d Aduktur deg tkelsertit deg tesdawit n Paris VIII yerna d aneṣ̣ṣ̣aḥ (consultant).