| 
  • If you are citizen of an European Union member nation, you may not use this service unless you are at least 16 years old.

  • You already know Dokkio is an AI-powered assistant to organize & manage your digital files & messages. Very soon, Dokkio will support Outlook as well as One Drive. Check it out today!

View
 

Ccinwa ed Wutrimen: Tikli n ussefcel

Page history last edited by takelsertit 14 years, 4 months ago

Ccinwa ed Wutrimen* : Tikli n ussefcel

 

 

*Iγerbiyen

 

24 Ctembeṛ 2007

 

 

Takensalt (chancellier) talmanit [Angela Merkel] tessejhad assaγen usligen (relations spéciales) yellan gar Berlin ed yimessebḍa (séparatistes) icinwaten, γas akken Ccinwa tugi aya yerna tessenker fell-as harara. Adalaylama (dalaï-lama) yessawel ed tkensalt talmanit, i tikkelt tamezwarut, deg wass n 23 Ctembeṛ. D netta ay d imḍebber n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n lγerba ay d-yesbedden iman-nnes i tmurt n Tibet. Tamaneγt (capitale) n unabaḍ-a tezga-d deg Lhend yerna imḍebbren-nnes ssutturen ad tebḍu tmurt n Tibet γef Tegduda Taγerfant (populaire) n Ccinwa neγ meqqar ad tesεu tmurt-a izerfan d usligen akken ay sεan Yiwunak n Lalman (Länder) izerfan n « tfulmant (autonomie) ». Adalaylama d ameddakel n Wutrimen (Iγerbiyen), yerna yettεawan-iten akken ad sḍeεfen Ccinwa ed ad as-sεerqen tikli-nnes i wakken ad taley ad teqqel d yiwet seg tmura ijehden deg umaḍal. Acḥal n yiseggasen aya seg wasmi ay d-yerbeḥ udalaylama lemḥibba n yikabaren yemgerraden deg Lalman yerna isertiyen n Lalman akk ttεawanen-t, ama d imagaẓen (conservateurs), ama d ilellamen (libéraux), ama d izegzawen. D acu kan, timlilit-nnes ed Angela Merkel llan wid ay d-iwten deg-s, imi tirebbaε n yiweẓla (affaires) talmaniyin ugadent lemmer anabaḍ acinwat ad d-yerr ttaṛ deg-sen ed ad iḍurr nnfeε-nsen deg Ccinwa. Tamsalt n tikli n Lalman i lmend n usseḍεef n Ccinwa, amezruy n wanect-a deg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 20 akked wayen iḍerrun ass-a d timsal ay γef adeg n german-foreign-policy.com yuwey-d amazrar (série) n yimagraden ara d-yebdun seg wass n 24 Ctembeṛ d asawen.

 

Adalaylama ed Angela Merkel deg terzi-nnes γef Berlin

 

 

Tirzi n udalaylama γef tkensalt (chancellier) talmanit d tin ay yes yextem tirzi ay iga deg Tuṛuft yerna teṭṭef acḥal n ledwaṛ. Sdeffir ma yerza γef Spenyul ed Portugal, adalaylama (ay yerran iman-nnes d netta ay d imḍebber n unabaḍ [lḥukuma] imennejli n Tibet) yemlal ed ukensal n Tutrict. Sakkin, deg wussan-a ineggura, yerza γef waṭas n Yiwunak (Etats) ifidiṛaliyen n Lalman. Deg temdint n Munster (Rhein n Ugafa ed Westphalia) yettunekf-as uduktuṛa n yiseγ deg tesdawit n temdint-a. Deg Hesse, yemlal ed Uneγlaf amezwaru n uwanak-a, Roland Koch. Am deg terza-nnes yerzin – taneggarut tella-d deg Yulyu,deg Hamburg -, ikabaren n Lalman, γas mgerraden wagar-asen, mmugren akk adalylama s westeṛḥeb yerna ssken-as-d yid-s ay llan. Tirzi-nnes ay d-itteddun γer Lalman ad d-tili deg Mayyu n 2008, anda ara yeḥdeṛ i waṭas n tedyanin timeqranin.

 

 

Tallalt (aεiwen)

 

 

Ccinwa umi ur teεjib tikli n Lalman deg temsalt-a, tuzen tiririt i tmurt-a γef terzi n udalaylama γer-s, ladγa γef wayen yerzan timlilit-nnes ed tkensalt (chancelière) Angerla Merkel. Imḍebber-a atibeti d netta ay iḥekmen anabaḍ (lḥukuma) imennejli n Tibet ay yellan, ass-a, deg temdint n Dharamsala (deg Lhend), yerna yessuttur ad yeḥkem aḥric seg wakal n Ccinwa (win umi γγaren « Tibet Tameqrant »). Γas ma yella zik adalaylama yella yessuttur Tibet ad tawey azarug (indépendance), taggara-a yeqqel yettini-d yezmer daγen ad yeqbel ad as-tettunekf tfulmant (autonomie) yemmden i tmurt-a, γas ur tbeḍḍu ed Ccinwa. «  Assutter-a n Yitibetiyen i wakken ad sεun tafulmant deg ddin ed yedles-nsen d win wukud yebded unabaḍ (lḥukuma) almani”, ay d-yenna Thomas Steg deg wass n ljemεa yezrin. (Regierungspressekonferenz vom 21. September). Ma d Ccinwa tenna-d tettalas ad tesεu lḥeṛma deg wakk akal-nnes yerna d nettat kan ay yesεan azref i yiman-nnes – akken ay as-yehwa akken ad tekf tafulmant i tdersiyin-nnes (minorités) yeddren sdaxel n tlisa-nnes, yerna war ma tger-d kra n tezmert tahersant (puissance coloniale) taqburt iman-nnes deg temsalt-a. 

 

 

Amedya almani

 

 

Amedya (modèle) n tfulmant (autonomie) ay yessuttur udalaylama seg Ccinwa d win n Lalman umi γγaren “Volksgruppenrechte” (izerfan n tdersiyin titniyin [minorités ethniques]). Tama taṭalyanit n Trentino-Alto Adige (Tyrol n Wezn’ul) tuwey yagi tafulmant-nnes am tin n Lalman, d acu kan aya ur ifuk ccwal deg Ṭṭalyan, imi tama-a mazal tekkat akken ad tawey azarug-nnes (indépendance). Yagin deg 1993, yiwen n umalal (assistant) n Tkadimit Tuṛufit n Bozen, deg Alto Adige, iga anermis akked “uneγlaf n tγawsiwin n beṛṛa” n unabaḍ imennejli n Tibet. Takadimit-a d asudu (institut) ay d-sbedden s uttekki n uneγlaf almani n tγawsiwin n beṛṛa. Adalaylama yerza γef Bolzano deg 1997. Yerna deg yiseggasen n 1990, anabaḍ imennejli n Tibet yebda-d yagi yettcawaṛ wid iqeddcen deg Tkadimit Tuṛufit γef temsalt-a n “yizerfan n tdersiyin titniyin”. “Tyrol n Wenẓul d nettat ay d amedya ay yessekf ad yeḍfer Tibet”, ay d-yenna udalaylama deg terzi-nnes tis snat γer Bolzano, deg 2005. ("Südtirol als Autonomie-Modell"; www.stol.it 31.07.2005).

 

 

Takbabt taγelnawt (drapeau national)

 

 

Assutter n udalaylama i tfulmant (autonomie) akked beḍḍu γef Ccinwa d ayen ara yesḍeεfen taneggarut-a. Nnig waya, deg Lalman, ikabaren, γas mgerraden, bedden akk s idis n udalaylama. Akabar Azegzaw yella seg gar n yimezwura ay ibedden γer yidis n Yitibetiyen deg wenrar n tsertit. Dγa d netta ay d akabar amezwaru ay iḥeṛsen Ccinwa asmi yesεedda taneγtust (résolution) γef “weaεfas n yizerfan n wemdan deg Tibet” deg wemni (parlement) almani (Bundestag) deg 15 Tubeṛ 1987. Sin n yiseggasen sakkin, gar 20 ed 21 Yebrir 1989, Izegzawen gan-d timlilit tagraγlant γef “Tibet ed Yizerfan n wemdan”, d tin ay d-yellan deg tzeγγa n yisaragen (conferences) n ukabar n SPD, deg Bonn, yerna aṭas n medden ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen γer-s. Roland Koch (deg ukabar n CDU), ay yellan, ass-a, d Aneγlaf amezwaru n Hesse, ula d netta yebda yettekkay deg yimenγi i lmend n Tibet seg tlemmast n yiseggasen n 1980. Deg 1995, d netta ay d-yuwyen, i tikkelt tamezwarut, adalaylama γer wemni n Hesse. Εecṛa n yiseggasen sakkin, kfan-as i udalaylama Arraz n Talwit n Hesse, yerna takbabt (taεellamt) n Tibet, γas ma yella ur telli tmurt ay yesteεṛfen yes-s, tefferfer γef deg tkensalt (chancellerie) n Hesse, deg temdint n Wiesbaden.

 

 

Tisudas (stratégies)

 

 

Tasebdadt (Fondation) n Friedrich Naumann ay iqerben mliḥ γer ukabar n FDP, tebda-d leqdic-nnes ameqran i lmend n Tibet deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990. Seg 1991 d asawen, tebda tneṣ̣ṣ̣eḥ imḍebbren n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) imennejli n Tibet “γef wakk timsal n usselmed n tsertit”. Tasebdadt n Friedrich Naumann, s wemεawen ed unabaḍ imennejli yellan deg Lhend, tebda tetteg-d isaragen (conférences) igraγlanen γef Tibet. Asarag wis sin, d win ay d-yellan deg Bonn deg 1996, yegla-d s wuguren idiplumatiyen ay yessawḍen Ccinwa ad teγleq tanarit (lbiru) n Tsebdadt-a deg Pekin. D acu kan, adabu acinwat yeqbel ad tεawed ad tettwaldey. Γas akken, asarag aneggaru n Tsebdadt-a γef Tibet yella-d deg Bruxelles, deg wayyur n Mayyu yezrin [2007]. S uneεruḍ n Tsebdadt n Friedrich Naumann, ugar n 300 n yemttekkiyen ay d-yusan seg wugar n 50 n tmura, ssawlen γef “yizerfan n wemdan” akked “tsudas (stratégies) n yimennejla n Tibet”. Γef leḥsab n Tsebdadt-a, d wa ay d asarag “aserti akk” ay d-yellan γef Tibet. Ayen yesnernan deg wazal-nnes netta “d tallit-a n uqerreb n Wuraren Ulimpiyen ara d-yilin aseggas ay d-itteddun deg Ccinwa, d tin ara iledyen tiwwura i Yitibetiyen akken ad d-sseknen iman-nsen, yerna ta d tamsalt ay γef d-nessukk tiṭ deg Bruxelles”. (d ayen ay d-yenna udalaylama - www.fnst-freiheit.org).

 

 

D amihi (danger)

 

 

Takenslit (chancellerie) talmanit ay d-iεerḍen adalaylama i lemcawṛat, d ayen ibanen, d « tiwwura » ay teldey i Yitibetiyen. Aneεruḍ-a d ayen ay d-yesnekren imennuγen d iḥmayanen deg Weγlif (ministère) n tγawsiwin n Beṛṛa n Lalman yerna d ayen yesserfan irgazen n yiweẓla (hommes ḍaffaires) almaniyen ay yesseftayen idrimen-nsen deg Ccinwa. Dγa ineggura-a ugaden d sṛuḥen isseftiyen-nsen (investissements) deg Ccinwa lemmer tamurt-a ad d-terr ttaṛ seg tikli-a n Lalman akked Yitibetiyen. Yagin taγawsa tamezwarut ay tga Ccinwa nettat d agzam n lemcawṛat gar-as ed Lalman γef uḥuddu n yizerfan n sselεa talmanit deg Ccinwa, yerna Almaniyen mazal ttṛajun ad ternu Ccinwa ad ten-tεaqeb deg tγawsiwin niḍen. Γef leḥsab n unemhal (directeur) n Unadi n Useqqamu Almani n Wassaγen (relations) Ibeṛṛaniyen, timlilit n tkensalt Angela Merkel akked udalaylama d « tuccḍa tameqrant deg wayen yerzan tasertit tabeṛṛanit deg taluft am ta ». (Krise zwischen Peking und Berlin; Süddeutsche Zeitung 21.09.2007).

 

 

Yuγ lḥal, zik, deg Lalman, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yettḍafar yiwet n tikli ay deg, mi ara yerzu ukensal (chancellier) γer Ccinwa, yettawey yid-s tarbaεt n yergazen n yiweẓla (hommes ḍaffaires), yerna γas Lalman tesεa assaγen akked Tibet, maca assaγen-a ttilin ed yemḍebbren imecṭuḥen, ur d yemdebbṛen iεlayanen n unabaḍ almani. Deg 1987, akensal Helmut Kohl yerza γef Tibet, yerna ayenni yeqqim-d d amedya. Kohl ur yekfi azal i temsalt n « yizerfan n wemdan », wanag yesmenyaf ad inadi γef leṣ̣laḥ n Lalman i wakken ad tessenz sselεa-nnes i tmura tibeṛṛaniyin. Ass-nni, aṭas n yergazen n yiweẓla ay yeddan yid-s, yerna yemlal deg unebbaḍ (gouverneur) acinwat n Tibet, deg Lhasa – kra kan n ledwaṛ seg wasmi ay yesεedda Congress amarikani yiwet n tneγtust (résolution) ay γef Tibet ay deg d-iwet deg Ccinwa s teqseḥ, yerna seg wussan ay deg agdud iga timeskanin (manifestations) tiqesḥanin mgal Ccinwa.

 

 

Tibettit n lbaṛud

 

 

S temlilit n udalaylama, takenslit (chancellerie) n Lalman tga aqemmer d ameqran. Yuγ lḥal, ussan-a ittezzi yiwen n wawal deg Berlin: Ccinwa tettnadi ad tessinef i wakk uguren akked Lalman ed teṛmisin (tikebbaniyin) talmaniyin, imi ay d-ttqerriben wussan n Wuraren Ulimpiyen. Dγa γef waya, kra ttwalin tallit-a d tawwurt iledyen i lmend n uεiwen n yimessebḍa (séparatistes) itibetiyen war ma tga Ccinwa acemma, yerna, γef leḥsab-nsen, bγan mliḥ aya. Roland Koch, Aneγlaf amezwaru n Hesse, yerza deg Yulyu yezrin [2007] γef Tibet, yerna yenna-d simal leddyent tewwura i ussejhed n lḥeṛs γef Ccinwa deg temsalt n Tibet, nnig waya, Ccinwa tugad lemmer imḍebber atibeti, adalaylama, ay yesεan 72 n yiseggasen deg tudert-nnes, ad yemmet, tezmer ad tenker ama deg Tibet, ama deg tmiwa ticinwatin anda ay zedγent tdersiyin (minorités) niḍen. Γef leḥsab n Koch, imḍebbren n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) acinwat nnan-d Tibet la tetteqqal d “tibettit n lbaṛud” ay izemren ad d-teṭṭṭerḍeq yiwen wass yerna ad d-teglu s yixeṣ̣ṣ̣aren imeqranen. (Roland Koch rechnet mit Gesprächen zwischen der chinesischen Regierung und dem Dalai Lama; Focus 22.07.2007). „Lemmer ur ferrun wuguren deg-inna [deg Tibet], taluft tezmer ad taweḍ ula γer Xinjiang akked Mungulya Tagensit“, ay d-yenna udalaylama s taḍsa mi d-yebder snat n tmiwa ticinwatin niḍen anda ay yella yimenγi i lmend n beḍḍu ed Ccinwa: „Akken yebγu yili, tlata-a n tmiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) ṭṭfent ugar n wezgen seg wakal n Ccinwa“. ("China mischt sich auch in Deutschlands Angelegenheiten ein"; Süddeutsche Zeitung 21.09.2007).  

 

 

Deg wuṭṭunen ay d-itteddun, German-foreign-policy.com ad d-tessiwel γef wamek tasertit tabeṛṛanit n Lalman tnuda amek ara d-tessebded tafidiṛalit tatibetit-tamungulit seddaw tecḍaḍt n Lalman ed Japun s yisem, zuna, n yizerfan n tfulmant (autonomie) ed ttawilat niḍen n weḥṛas, deg yiseggasen n 1930 ed 1940.

 

 

Ccinwa ed Wutrimen* : Tikli n ussefcel (II)

 

 

Isertayen (politiciens) n Lalman nnan-d tagnit ad ternu ad terwey imi takensalt (chancellier) Angela Merkel tenbec Ccinwa deg wayen yerzan tamsalt n Tibet. Γef leḥsab n Uneγlaf Amezwaru n Hesse, Roland Koch (seg ukabar n CDU), timlilit n Angela Merkel ed udalaylama d asurif kan amezwaru deg ussekcem ay tessekcam Lalman iman-nnes deg tγawsiwin n daxel n Ccinwa, yerna aya yezmer ad yeg ifadden i tmura tuṛufiyin niḍen i wakken ula d nitenti ad kksent akukru deg temsalt-a. Berlin tettwali taswiεt-a d tin iwutan i leqdic i lmend n usseḍεef n Ccinwa, acku imi tamurt-a ad d-ilin deg-s Wuraren Ulimpiyen aseggas ay d-itteddun [2008], ma tettwaḥṛes ur tzemmer ad d-terr tiyita s teqseḥ am deg wussan niḍen. Deg tidet, leqdic ay itteg unabaḍ (lḥukuma) almani deg temsalt n Tibet d win ay γef msefhamen akk yikabaren n tmurt-a s umata yerna d akemmel n tikli-nni taqburt ay d-tuwey Lalman deg tsertit-nnes tabeṛṛanit deg wayen yerzan tamsalt-a seg zik., seg yiseggasen n 1930 ed 1940 ar ass-a. Yuγ lḥal, deg tallit-nni yagi, Lalman tella tettwali Tibet d amkan s wazal-nnes ay tezmer ad t-tesseqdec i wakken ad tessekcem iman-nnes deg tγawsiwin n Asya Talemmast. Inermisen (contacts) ay d-yellan gar Lalman ed Tibet deg tallit-nni kemmlen ula sdeffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis sin, yerna mazal ttkemmilen ar ass-a, dγa, d aya ara teγrem deg weḥric-a wis sin n umagrad n German-foreign-policy.com γef tikli ay d-tettawey Lalman i lmend n usseḍεef n Ccinwa.

 

 

Amaḍal ilelli

 

 

Ur nettεeḍḍil “ad nẓer timura ed yemḍebbren niḍen ttdaefaren amedya (lemtel) n tkensalt (chanchellier) yerna ad snernin aεiwen-nsen i yimenγi n trakriḍt (non-violence) n udalaylama i lmend n ussemγer n tfulmant (autonomie) n Tibet”, ay d-yenna Uneγlaf Amezwaru n Hesse, Roland Koch (seg ukabar n CDU). [Koch: Weitere Staatschefs werden Dalai Lama unterstützen; Der Tagesspiegel 26.09.2007]. Koch yenna-d awal-a yiwen kan wass sdeffir ma tbeddel Ccinwa ṛṛay-nnes deg wayen yerzan abṭal n yiwet n temlilit gar yineγlafen-nnes ed wid n Lalman, dγa s waya, Ccinwa tessken-d tebγa ad tessens times yellan gar-as ed Lalman sdeffir n wenjaε-nni ay tt-tenjeε Lalman deg wass n 23 Ctembeṛ 2007. Koch yenna-d anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Ccinwa yessekf “ad yesteεṛef”, “amaḍal ilelli (monde libre) ur yewjid i wakken ad yettu neγ ad yeffer tagnit ay deg yella weγref (cceεb) n Tibet”. Yerna ad yeqqel “yewεeṛ ugar” ad tettwaffer “temsalt n yizerfan n wemdan” deg lemcawṛat γef Wuraren Ulimpiyen. Kra seg tid umi semman tuddsiwin tirnabaḍin (organisations non-gouvernementales) am « Reportets Sans Frontières » (Inemyura War Tilisa) bdan-d lḥemlat i lmend n waya. Imeγnasen-nsen ttgen timeskanin (timesbaniyin) deg Pekin yerna sεan assaγen (relations) igerrzen mliḥ akked ttawilat n yisalan n Lalman. Tuddsa-a tettwassen yagi γef lḥemlat ay tga mgal unabaḍ n Cuba yerna ur tenkiṛ teṭṭef-d lemεawnat s yedrimen sγur udabu amarikani.   

 

 

Adalaylama ed Roland Koch, Aneghlaf Amezwaru n Hesse

 

Ansayen (leεwayed)

 

 

Tikli ay d-yuwey unabaḍ (lḥukuma) almani akked Tibed d tin wukud ddan akk yikabaren n Lalman s umata. Gar wid yellan d imeddukkal n udalaylama seg yiseggasen n 1980, ad d-nebder Roland Koch (seg ukabar n CDU), akked waṭas seg yimaslaḍen (membres) n Ukabar Azegzaw, yerna seg yiseggasen n 1990 d asawen, terna-d γer-sen Tsebdadt (Fondation) n Friedrich Naumann, d tin iqerben mliḥ γer ukabar alellam (liberal) n FDP. Imazzayen (experts) n trebbaε titniyin (groupes ethniques n tama n “Tyrol n Wenẓul” (tama yessawalen s talmanit deg Ugafa n Ṭṭalyan) qqlen ssγarayen ed neṣ̣ṣ̣ḥen imḍebbren n “unabaḍ imennejli” n Tibet deg wayen yerzan timsal n “tfulmant (autonomie)”. Yerna tikli ay d-tuwey Lalman akked Tibet d tin, ladγa, itteddun deg webrid-nni ay d-tuwey Lalman yagi deg yiseggasen n 1930 ed 1940, asmi ay tella, imir-nni yagi, tettwali Tibet d amkan s wazal-nnes i wakken ad afen seg-s Walmaniyen abrid γer Asya Talemmast.  

 

 

Deg tallit-nni, Lalman tuzen tinemzagin (expéditions) n yimassanen neγ wid umi tsemma imassanen γer tmiwa-nni tutrimin (tiγerbiyin) n Ccinwa ay yellan, imir-nni yagi, ccuṛent d uguren. Tadukli Tasuvyatit ed Briṭanya Tameqrant (yellan deg Lhend) llant, ula d nitenti, εerrḍent ad grent iman-nsent deg tama-a. Mungulya Tagensit (Mongolie Intérieure), Xinjiang (Turkistan Tagmuḍant) ed Tibet d nitenti ay d timura ay qesdent ad tent-ṭṭfent. 

 

 

Tamsalt n Yiri amellal (Race blanche)

 

 

Amesnaγu (zoologiste) Ernst Schaefer yella d yiwen seg Walmaniyen imezwura ay ikecmen Tibet i lmend n unadi. Deg 1931/32, yerna seg 1934 arma d a1936, yettekka deg snat n tnemzagin (expéditions) ay tga Lalman ed Yiwunak Yeddukklen deg Tibet. I wakken ad as-rren tajmilt deg unadi-nnes γef yiγersiwen, igen (armée) almani yekfa-as taṣ̣eddart n SS-Obersturmführer. Deg 1938/39, Schaefer yenheṛ tanemzagt niḍen: “Tanemzagt n Ernst Schaefer γer Tibet, seddaw n uḍebber n Reichsführer SS Himmler, d tanemzagt yesεan assaγ ed Ahnenerbe (tigemmi [patrimoine] n lejdud)”. [Reinhard Greve: Tibetforschung im SS-Ahnenerbe, in: Lebenslust und Fremdenfurcht. Ethnologie im Dritten Reich, herausgegeben von Thomas Hauschild, Frankfurt am Main 1995].

 

 

Ernst Schaefer, aserdas n yiγallen n SS ay uznen Yinaziyen γer Ccinwa

 

Yiwen seg yeswan (buts) imeqranen n tnemzagt-a n yiγallen n SS akked "Ahnenerbe" netta d anadi γef lateṛ ay d-yejja „Yiri n Waṛiyen (Race des Aryens)“ deg yidurar n Tibet. Kra n yiseggasen sakkin, Bruno Beger, yiwen seg wid yettekkan deg tnemzagt-a, yenna-d yufa-d „iferdisen (éléments) n yiri (race) amellal deg yihaggaṛen (nobles) n Tibet“. Dγa s waya ay d-ufan yemsiriyen (racistes) inaziyen ssebba i wakken ad εerḍen ad sqedcen Tibet d amkan ay seg ara kecmen γer Asya.  

 

 

“Tammidwa* a Mass Hitler”

 

*amitié

 

 

 

Deg 1938/39, tanemzagt-nni (expédition) n Tibet tga-d inermisen (contacts) imezwura gar unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Lalman akked win n Tibet. “S yisem n tenfalit (slogan) “timlilit n tesvastika [svastika] n Lγerb ed tin n Ccerq”, yebda-d unermis aserti akked unabaḍ  n Tibet”, γef leḥsab n yiwet n tesleḍt (analyse) ay d-yellan γef Tibet deg tallit tanazit. (Reinhard Greve: Tibetforschung im SS-Ahnenerbe, in: Lebenslust und Fremdenfurcht. Ethnologie im Dritten Reich, herausgegeben von Thomas Hauschild, Frankfurt am Main 1995).  

 

 

Deg unebdu n 1939, mi yella Ernst Schaefer ed yimeddukal-nnes tteddun ad qqlen γer tlurt-nsen, imḍebber n Tibet yekfa-asen tabṛat ad tt-awyen γer Lalman, d tin ay deg ay d-yenna Schaefer inuda ad d-yeg assaγen (relations) iqerben ugar gar Lalman ed Tibet: „Lεezzat-nnek, Agellid Mass Hitler, neqbel (…) lebγi-nnek i wakken ad tili tammidwa (amitié) gar-aγ“. Yuγ lḥal, deg tallit-nni, anabaḍ n Tibet yella yettnadi ad yili d imzireg (indépendant) ugar ed ad iḥudd iman-nnes seg Yebriṭaniyen, dγa d aya ay t-yejjan ad inadi ad iqerreb γer Lalman tanazit.

 

 

“Cwiṭ n wesfata (un peu de sabotage)“

 

 

Tanemzagt (expédition) ay d-iḍefren tinna d tin ay yes Lalman tnuda ad tḥakeṛ Ibriṭaniyen. Awal γef tnemzagt-a yebda-d deg 4 Ctembeṛ 1939, yiwen wass sdeffir ma tekcem Briṭanya Tameqrant deg Wemgaru amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis sin. Erntst Schaefer, Bruno Beger ed Weγlif (ministère) n tγawsiwin n beṛṛa ttekkan deg temlilit i lmend n tnemzagt-a. Dγa γetsen (εezmen) ad aznen 30 n yifesyanen (officiers) n SS γer Tibet seddaw n ṛṛay n Schaefer, yerna ad awyen yid-sen leslaḥ ay yes zemren ad sellḥen gar 1000 ed 2000 n medden, d wid ay ssefran ad ten-id-skecmen s iγallen-nsen i wakken ad nnaγen mgal Yebriṭaniyen yellan deg Lhend. Schaefer yettunekf-as lameṛ akken ad yeḍfer asleγmu aserdasi (entraînement militaire) deg “SS-Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler”. “Ma yella yessekf fell-ak ad tefruḍ ugur aserdasi, yessekf, deg tazwara, ad tiliḍ tettusleγmaḍ yerna teγriḍ am usedras”, ay as-yenna Heinrich Himmler i Scharfer γef wesleγmu-nnes aserdasi: “Cwiṭ n wesfata akked kra n lbumbat ur d-ttkafin” [Peter Mierau: Nationalsozialistische Expansionspolitik. Deutsche Asien-Expeditionen 1933-1945, München 2006]. 

 

 

D acu kan, leḥsabat-a ay tella tessalay Lalman deg Tibet usan-d deg tallit ay deg llan daγen Walmaniyen sseḥsaben ad d-snekren imeddukal-nsen deg Afγanistan i wakken ad sfeckeb Ibriṭaniyen deg Asya, dγa, deg tgara, tettwabṭel tnemzagt-nni γef ljal n yineγlafen ur nemsefham gar-asen deg Berlin.

 

 

Asdukkel n Yimunguliyen seddaw tecḍaḍt n Lalman

 

 

Sakkin, tikkelt taneggarut ay deg εerḍen Walmaniyen inaziyen ad d-rren leḥsabat-nsen γer lfeεl deg Tibet, tella-d deg 1942. Himmler, ay iwehmen s yigen (armée) almani ay yessawḍen ad yaẓ mliḥ sdaxel n wakal asuvyati, yekfa lameṛ i wakken Almaniyen “ad snirmen (explorer) akk akal yesεan azal deg Asya Talemmast”. Yuγ lḥal, deg unebdu n 1942, iγallen ijapuniyen uẓan [sdaxel n wakal acinwat] arma ay uwḍen γer tmiwa ay iqerben γer Tibet, dγa, mi kecmen γer Tibet, mlalen ed umeddakel n Walmaniyen, adalaylama, deg tmaneγt (capitale) n tama-a, Lhasa. Tarbaεt-nni n yineṣ̣ṣ̣aḥen ed yemḍebbren ay d-yezzin i udalaylama llan ssaramen ad sbeεden Tibet γef tezrirt (influence) tacinwat, tasuvyatit tarusit ed tebriṭabit, yerna ad ikemmel udabu amsagel (féodal) n Tibet i lebda. Iswi-nsen netta d assebded n “Tfidiṛalit Takmungulit (Fédération Panmongole)” seddaw tecḍaḍt n Lalman tanazit ed Japun.   

 

 

Ajmaε n yiqecruren

 

 

D acu kan, γas ifuk wemgaru (ṭṭrad), tkemmel Lalman tettnadi ad tesεu tazrirt (influence) deg Mungulya ed Tibet. Amalal n Ernst Schaefer, Helmut Hoffman, yeqqel d aselmad deg tesdawit n Munich, anda ay yessers “tilugan tussnanin (norms scientifiques) i tussna talmanit n Tibet”. Deg 1952, Bruno Beger iga tanemzagt niḍen γer Tibet. D acu kan, yessekf ad nẓer, armay d 1943, Bruno Beger-a s timmad-nnes yella itteg “inadiyen γef Yimunguliyen” deg wegrir (camp) n tmattant n Auschwitz, anda ay d-yejmeε aṭas n yiqecruren (cranes) n Wasyawiyen. Γas akken, deg 1994, adalaylama yemmuger-it s yisem n yinebgi unṣ̣ub (invite official) deg London. Yerna Beger yeqqim d ameddakel n yiwen n umesnemdan (anthropologue) niḍen ay iqedcen γef Tibet, Heinrich Harrer, ay yellan ula d netta seg terbaεt n yiserdasen almaniyen n SS ay iqedcen deg Asya Talemmast. Harrer yerza γef Lhasa, tamaneγt n Tibet, i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1946, yerna yeqqim deg-s arma ay d 1959, anda ay yeqdec d aselmad yerna yessγer adalaylama-a ay mazal yeḥkem ar ass-a. Harrer yura-d aṭas n yedlisen γef Tibet, yerna mazal-iten ar ass-a mechuṛit deg Lalman. Asmi ay yebda Ukabar Azegzaw yessidir-d tasertit talmanit n Tibet deg yiseggasen n 1980, sqedcen ula d ayen ay d-yura Harrer.

 

 

 

Asseqdec n tdersiyin (minorités) i ussefcel

 

 

Tamsalt-a ay deg ttekkan wuguren gar yiγerfan (ccuεub) yerna teffer deffir-s nneyya tamsirit (raciste) ed tmussni ur lqayen γef ddyanat n Ccerq, tebda, ass-a, tkeccem deg-s daγen taluft n “yizerfan n wemdan” akken ad ternu ad terwi ugar, yerna tamsalt-a n yizerfan d tin ay tesseqdac Lalman akken ad d-taf abrid i ussemγer n tezrirt-nnes (influence) deg umaḍal. Am zik, am wass-a, iswi netta d asseqdec n Tibet akked tdersiyin (minorités) ticinwatin niḍen i lmend n ussefcel n Ccinwa, yerna aya i wakken ad thudd Ccinwa seg sdaxel.

 

 

Deg weḥric ay d-itteddun, ad nẓer amek Almaniyen ed Yijapuniyen sseḥsaben akken ad skecmen imeddukal-nsen imungiliyen deg tsertit-a n ussefcel n Ccinwa.

 

Bruno Berger ed Udalaylama

 

 

Ccinwa ed Wutrimen* : Tikli n ussefcel (III)

 

 

Deg tgara n dduṛt yezrin, iwamniyen (parlementaires) n tama n Tyrol n Wenẓul (d tama yessawalen s talmanit deg Ugafa n Ṭṭalyan) rzan γef wexxam n “unabaḍ (lḥukuma) imennjeli” n Tibet, deg Lhend, yerna nnan-d tuqqna n Tibet γer Ccinwa d “ayen yeffγen i lqanun“ ed gren-d tiγri i wakken ad tebḍu Tibet γef Ccinwa. Adabu n Tyrol n Wenẓul yettemεawan ed tuddsiwin (organisations) talmaniyin n tsertit tabeṛṛanit i lmend n Tibet yerna yeqdec acḥal n yiseggasen i wenṣ̣aḥ n “unabaḍ imennejli” deg temsal n tsertiyin n trebbaε titniyin (groupes ethniques). Yiwet seg wid yettekkan deg terbaεt-nni ay yerzan γef Tibet tessuttur ula d beḍḍu n Tyrol n Wenẓul γef Ṭṭalyan akken ay tebḍa Montenegro γef Serbya. Ahmaj-a deg lḥeṛma n wakal n Ccinwa yusa-d kra kan n wussan qbel ad d-yebdu unabaḍ almani  lḥemla n teεdawt-nnes akked Ccinwa. Yuγ lḥal, Lalman tebded γer yidis n yimessebḍa (séparatistes) Itibetiyen ula s webrid n uεiwen n Mungulya, yerna tettnadi ad d-ssexdem imezdaγen n wakk timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) n Utaram (lγerb) ed Ugafa (nord) n Ccinwa mgal unabaḍ n Pekin. Timuγliwin tisertiyin am ti bdant-d yagi deg Lalman seg yiseggasen n 1920, yerna ass-a, ula d Japun, tameddakelt n Lalman deg Ugellus (Axe), deg Wemgaru amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis sin, tettekka deg temsalt-a. Yuγ lḥal, ar ass-a mazal Japun teggar iman-nnes deg temsalt-a, yerna seg zik d nettat ay d taxṣ̣imt tameqrant akk n Ccinwa. 

 

 

Dduṛt yezrin, yiwet n terbaεt n yiwamniyen (parlementaires) seg Ugafa n Ṭṭalyan gan timlilit n lemcawṛat timeqranin akked “unabaḍ (lḥukuma) imennejli” n Tibet deg wexxam-nnes, deg Dharamsala, deg Ugafa (nord) n Lhend. Aya yesεa azal i tsertit tabeṛṛanit n Lalman, imi “Tyrol n Wenẓul” d tamurt yesεan assaγen ijehden ed trebbaε yekkaten i lmend n “tsertit titnit” (politique ethnique) talmanit. Akabar n Franz Pahl (yellan d imḍebber n terbaεt-nni yerzan γef Dharamsala, d win umi ttinin Südtiroler Volkspartei (Akabar Aγerfan n Tyrol n Wenẓul). Akabar-a d amaslaḍ deg Tdukli Tafidiṛalit n Tγelnin Tuṛufiyin (Union Fédérale des Nationalités Européennes - FUEN). Tadukli-a d imazzayen (experts) inaziyen n « trebbaε titniyin” ay tt-id-yesbedden, yerna ar ass-a, mazal d anabaḍ almani ay as-yettakfen idrimen. Seg tama niḍen, ula d Tama Tafulmant (autonome) n Trentino (Tyrol n Wenẓul ed Temnaḍt Tafulmant n Bozen) tettεawan Tadukli n FUEN. Yuγ lḥal, tafulmant (autonomie) n “Tyrol n Wenẓul” d tin ibedden γef llsisan n tsertit n “trebbaε titniyin”. Yagi, tafulmant n tama-a tella-d sdeffir tenṭagin tirebrabin (attentats terroristes) ay gan yimezdaγen n tama-a. Yerna irebraben ay yettekkan deg tenṭagin-a mazal-iten ar ass-a ttwaṣ̣ṣ̣ren deg Lalman.

 

 

“Tibet i Yitibetiyen”

 

 

Akk tuddsiwin (organisations) titibetiyin timennejla timeqranin ttekkant deg lemcawṛat ay d-yellan akked terbaεt-nni n yiwamniyen n ugafa n Ṭṭalyan: “anabaḍ (lḥukuma) imennejli”, “amni (parlement) imennejli”, tideblin (administrations) timennejla akked yemḍebber n Yitibetiyen, adalaylama. Acḥal n yiseggasen aya seg wasmi imḍebbren imennejla n Tibet ttawyen-d nnaṣ̣ayeḥ γef tsertit n “trebbaε titniyin” deg temdint n Bolzano yellan d tamaneγt n Tyrol n Wenẓul. “Tuṭṭfa tacinwat n Tibet d ayen yeffγen i lqanun”, ay d-yenna Franz Pahl, “nekni nebded γer yidis n yimenγi n Tibet yerna la ntteg akk ayen nezmer i wakken ad nessejhed aya”. [Visiting Trentino-South Tyrol parliamentary members condemn China's policy on Tibet; phayul.com 29.09.2007].

 

 

“Tibet i Yitibetiyen!” ay d-tenna, seg tama-nnes, Eva Klotz, ay yettekkan deg terbaεt-a: “Tibet yessekf ad tawey tilelli-nnes”. Eva Klotz, yellan d tamaslaḍt n wemni (parlement) n Tyrol n Wenẓul, d yelli-s n yiwet n twacult yesεan amkan s wazal-nnes deg tama-a yessawalen s talmanit. D acu kan, arma ay d taggara-a ay teqqel tettwassen deg yisalan imi ay tessutter beḍdu n Tyrol n Wenẓul γef Ṭṭalyan s akken ay tebḍa Montenegro γef Serbya.

 

 

Eva Klotz

 

 

Qbel Wuraren Ulimpiyen

 

 

Tirzi-a n yiwamniyen n Tyrol n Wenẓul γef Tibet d tin ay d-iḍefren timlilit gar Udalaylama ed tkensalt (chancellier) talmanit [Angela Merkel], am wakken ay d-tella sdeffir ma yenna-d Uneγlaf amezwaru n Hesse, Roland Koch, Ataram (Lγerb) ad iεawen ugar imessebḍa (séparatistes) itibetiyen qbel n Wuraren Ulimpiyen [ara d-yilin deg Ccinwa]. Lalman tesnerna leqdic-nnes mgal Ccinwa s uttekki deg kra n yiqeddicen ay d-yettbanen, sufella, ur sεin assaγ ed Ccinwa, maca deg tidet, tettḥakaṛ ad tḍurr yes-sen Ccinwa: d aεiwen n tmurt n Mungulya.   

 

 

Tinegwa timezwura (matières premières)

 

 

Deg unebdu-a [2007], anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Lalman yessejhed amεiwen-nnes ed Mungulya. Aneγlaf almani n Tdamsa, Michael Glos, yerza γef tmurt-a deg Yulyu 2007, yerna tedda yid-s terbaεt tameqrant n yergazen n yiweẓla (hommes ḍaffaires). Deg Γuct, terna terza γef Mungulya yiwet n terbaεt n yinemhalen (directeurs) seg Tiddukla n Yiweẓla gar Lalman, Asya ed Ugaraw Imelwi (Océan Pacifique). Yagi, deg wezgen amezwaru n 2007, ttjaṛa tennerna s wazal n 30% gar Lalman ed Mungulya. Ass-a, Lalman tqeddec ladγa i lmend n “wemεiwen deg  wenrar n yemγizen (lminat)”, γef leḥsab n Uneγlaf n Tdamsa. Mungulya d tamurt yesεan aṭas n wukfilen (métaux), ladγa adaruγ (nnḥas) ed wureγ.”Lalman ed Mungulya d snat n tmura yettemkemmalen gar-asent” ay d-izux Uselway n wemni (parlement), Norbert Lammert i wemtil-nnes amunguli, deg Ctembeṛ yezrin [2007]: “Kenwi tesεam tinegwa timezwura (matières premières) ay neḥwaj, ma d nekni nezmer ad nettekki deg usselmed-nsen ed tukci n teknussna (technologie) i tmurt-nwen i wakken ad tṣ̣effim ed ad sseskrem (traiter) tinegwa-nwen timezwura”. [Lammert: Mongolei und Deutschland ergänzen sich; Pressemitteilung des Deutschen Bundestags, 20.09.2007]

   

 

 

Genghis Khan

 

 

Γef leḥsab n “lemcawṛat n tsertit tabeṛṛanit” ay tga Lalman ed Mungulya deg Yebrir n 2006, yettban-d Lalman ur tettnadi ala γef tnegwa timezwura (matières premières) ay teḥwaj i temguri-nnes (industrie). Yuγ lḥal, ayen ay izemren ad d-yeglu s wuguren deg temsalt-a yella-d, yagi, deg yiwet n temzikkent (exposition) ay yeldey Ukensal (chancellier) aqbur n Lalman, Gerhard Schroeder ed Uneγlaf amezwaru n Mungulya, deg 2005 deg Berlin, deg Tzeγγa n Tẓuri ed Temzikkent, deg Bonn. Timzikkent-a umi semman “Genghis Khan ed tgemmi-nnes [héritage]” d tin umi gan aṭas n udellel deg Lalman yerna d tin ay d-ilulen seg yinadiyen ay gan Walmaniyen γef Mungulya. Tadyant-a tella-d cwiṭ kan qbel tameγra  n umulli (anniversaire) wis 800 n ussebded n Umenkud (Empire) Amunguli Ameqran, d tameγra ay d-yellan s zzux d ucuffu imeqranen deg Ulab Bator, tamaneγt n Mungulya, s weḥdaṛ n uselway n wemni (parlement) almani. Timzikkent-nni n Bonn d tin ay d-ijebden daγen lwelha n Mungulya Tagensit (Mongolie Intérieure), yellan d tama tafulmant (region autonome) n Ugafa n Ccinwa, yerna d tin ay deg medden ttakfen azal d ameqran I Genghis Khan ed ttwalin-t d azamul n ussebded n tmurt n Mungulya Tameqrant.     

 

 

Asγalli (espionnage)

 

 

Nnfeε n Lalman deg Mungulya akked tama tacinwat n Mungulya Tagensit d win ay d-yebdan seg yiseggasen n 1920. Yuγ lḥal, deg 1924, Berlin teεreḍ-d aneγlaf amunguli n tteṛbiyya i wakken ad imerreḥ deg Lalman. Sakkin, deg 1926, Mungulya tuzen 35 n yinelmaden γer Lalman akken ad γren din. Iswi n yisurifen-a netta d assebded n wassaγen (relations) ara idumen gar Lalman ed Mungulya, i wakken taneggarut-a ur tt-yettarra lḥewj γer Tdukli Tasuvatit. Deg 1927, Aneγlaf n tγawsiwin n beṛṛa n Lalman yuzen yiwet n tnemzagt (expédition) γer Mungulya Tagensit akked Xinjiang (ay yeqqlen, ass-a, d tama tafulmant [région autonome] niḍen n Ccinwa). Γef wakken ay d-yekcef unadi deg umezruy ass-a, Lalman tuzen aṭas n yiserdasen, ay yerran iman-nsen d imnadiyen, γer Ccinwa i wakken ad ddun ed umassan aswidi iḥemmlen Lalman, Sven Hedin, akken ad sγallin (espionner) timiwa ticinwatin ay deg llant tdersiyin tiγewwaγin (minorités rebelles). D acu kan, tikliwin-a akk ur d-glint s kra n lfayda. Deg tefsut n 1928, Pekin tugi ad tejj tanemzagt-nni taserdasit ad kemmel tikli-nnes. Ma d inelmaden-nni imunguliyen yellan deg Lalman, qqlen γer tmurt-nsen deg 1929/30, imi Musku teḥṛes Mungulya akken ur tettazen inelmaden-nnes γer Lalman. 

 

 

Awanak (ddula) ara iḥudden tilisa

 

 

D acu kan, Lalman werjin tejji takti n wemεiwen ed Mungulya ed yiγallen yettnaγen akken ad d-sbedden Mungulya Tameqrant, i wakken ad taf abrid γer Asya. Mi yella yigen almani (Wehrmacht) yettkemmil ikeccem γer wegmuḍ (ccerq [Tadukli Tasuvyatit]) deg 1942, yerna iγallen ijapuniyen uwḍen γer tlisa n Tibet, timura ijehden n umaḍal snulfan-d takti n ussebded n Uwanak (ddula) i lmend n uḥuddu n tlisa (d win umi semman “Tafidiṛalit Takmungulit” [Fédération Panmongole]). Tafidiṛalit-a d tin ay deg ssefran ad tettekki Tibet (ay yellan tettnadi ad tessejhed assaγen-nnes ed Berlin), Mungulya akked Mungulya Tagensit (Mongolie Intérieure) ay yuwyen azarug-nnes (indépendance) deg 1937 s lemεawna n Japun. Yerna Tafidiṛalit-a ad tili seddaw tecḍaḍt n Lalman ed Japun. Yuγ lḥal, lemmer d ay ur xṣ̣irent Lalman ed Japun amgaru, tili ur yelli ccek ad ilint ssawḍent ad d-sbeddent Awanak-a.

 

 

Adalaylama

 

 

Seg tlemmast n yiseggasen n 1980 ar ass-a, Lalman teqdec i wakken ad d-tessider assaγen-nni n wemεiwen ay d-sbedden yiγallen inaziyen n SS ed Tibet deg yiseggasen n 1930. Assaγen akked Mungulya nnernan mliḥ ladγa seg 1991 ar ass-a. Yerna, seg tama niḍen, ula d Japun, yellan d tameddakelt n Lalman deg Wemgaru amaḍlan (Guerre mondiale) wis sin (iγallen n Ugellus [Axe]), tesεa ass-a assaγen yelhan akked Mungulya Tagensit (Mongolie Intérieure). Timiwa-a deg tlata yid-sent [Tibet, Mungulya Tagensit ed Xinjiang] ddukklent i wakken ad bḍunt γef Ccinwa, maca daγen kkatent akken ad sεunt assaγen idelsanen gar-asent. Yuγ lḥal, tabudit (bouddhisme) tatibetit d nettat ay d ddyana icaεen ula deg Mungulya akked Mungulya Tagensit, yerna imḍebber n ddyana-a, Adalaylama, d amdan yettuqadaren ama deg Tibet, ama deg snat-a n tmura niḍen. Adalaylama, ay yettwaḥesben d agellid yerna d ayuc (dieu), yessefhem-d aya deg yiwet n tdiwennit (interview) ay iga seg melmi kan deg tγemsa (presse) talmanit, yerna yenna-d lemmer ad tenker (tekker) deg Tibet, aya yezmer “ad iḥaz” ula d Mungulya Tagensit. Yuγ lḥal, deg wenbac n Ccinwa γef temsalt n Tibet, Lalman ur tt-yerḥi yedles atibeti, akken ay tḥemmel ad d-tini, wanag, deg tidet, tqeddec i wakken ad tawey azgen seg wakal n Ccinwa, yerna, i lmend n waya ara tesseqdac imezdaγen n wakal-a i wakken ad tennaγ ed Ccinwa.  

 

 

Ccinwa ed Wutrimen* : Tikli n ussefcel (IV)

 

 

Imḍebbren almaniyen n tsertit tabeṛṛanit la rennun lḥeṛs-nsen γef Ccinwa, yerna ttemcawaṛen ed yiwen seg yemḍebbren n yimessebḍa (séparatistes) icinwaten. “Aswir Amaḍlan [Congrès Mondial] Awigur” (World Uyγur Congress – WUC) d tuddsa ay d-yezgan deg Munich, deg Lalman, yerna yenna-d ula d taselwayt-nnes, Rebiya Kadeer, ad temlilt ed uneγlaf almani n tγawsiwin n beṛṛa. Iwiguren yellan d tidersi (minorité) tineslemt yeddren deg tama tafulmant (autonome) n Xinjiang (deg lγerb n Ccinwa) ttnadin ad bḍun tama-nsen umi γγaren “Turkistan Tagmuḍant (Tacerqit)” γef Ccinwa. Awwaḍ n Rebiya Kadeer γer tmaneγt n Lalman, Berlin, d tadyant umi ssulin mliḥ leḥsab yerna d tin yemṣ̣adan ed wayen ttgen Yimarikaniyen deg temsalt-a n Xinjiang. Sdeffir n terzi n Udalaylama γef Tkenslit (chancellerie) talmanit, Berlin tkemmel trennu aεiwen-nnes i yimessebḍa (séparatistes) yebγan ad bḍun Ccinwa. Yuγ lḥal, acḥal n yiseggasen aya seg wasmi Lalman (s uttekki n yimeẓla-nnes n wumel [services de renseignement]) tesnernay assaγen-nnes ed yemḍebbren Iwiguren imennejla.

 

 

Tamaynut

 

 

Rebiya Kadeer terza γef Berlin cwiṭ kan sdeffir ma ifuk Udalaylama tirzi-nnes γef Tuṛuft, d tirzi ay d-yesnekren urfan n Pekin. Deg Ctembeṛ [n 2007], imḍebber n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) imennejli n Tibet yerza γef temnaḍt taspenyulit n Catalonia. Yuγ lḥal, tamnaḍt-a, sdeffir ma tettunekf-as tfulmant (autonomie), teqqel imir-a tessuttur azarug (indépendance). Sakkin, Adalaylama ikemmel tirzi-nnes γer Portugal ed Tutrict, ed yemlal ed Uselway n unabaḍ n Vienna. Deg Berlin, win ay ḥesben medden d agellid yerna d ayuc (dieu) yemlal i tikkelt tamezwarut ed Tseksalt (chancellier) talmanit. Sakkin, anabaḍ amarikani iga yiwet n tγawsa d tamaynut, seg tama-nnes : deg yiwet n tmeγra tazayezt (publique), Aselway Bush yekfa-as i Udalaylama Tazalγi (lmadaya) n Yiseγ n Congress, yerna d tin ay d tazalγi taγarimt (civile) yesεan azal ameqran akk ay izemren ad tettunekf deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen. Sakkin, d Rebiya Kadeer ay d-yebdan tuzzya-nnes. Timḍebbert-a ay izedγen, d timennejlit, deg Washington, tezwar terza γef London, anda ay temlal ed yiwamniyen (parlementaires) ibriṭaniyen, iigensasen (représentants) n Weγlif n Tγawsiwin n beṛṛa  akked yimaslaḍen (membres) seg unabaḍ abriṭani. Sakkin, tkemmel tuzzya-nnes γer Berlin, anda ay tt-mazal ussan-a.       

 

 

Aneṣ̣ṣ̣aḥ deg tsertit

 

 

Leqdic n Yimarikaniyen i lmend n uεiwen n yimessebḍa (séparatistes) n Ccinwa ed ussefcel n tneggarut-a d win ay d-yebdan acḥal n yiseggasen aya s wemεiwen akked Lalman. Erkin Alptekin, d Awigur yeddren d imennejli, d yiwen seg wid yettekkan deg leqdic-a. Baba-s, Yusuf Alptekin, yettekka, yagi, deg tnekra-nni n yiseggasen n 1930 i lmend n beḍḍu n tama tutrimt (taγerbit) n Ccinwa γef udabu acinwat. Seg 1933/34 d asawen, yeqdec d amaru amatu n unabaḍ amakud (gouvernement provisoire)  n « Tegduda Tineslemt Tateṛkit n Turkistan Tagmuḍant (tacerqit) ». Iwiguren n Ccinwa mazal ar ass-a γγaren-as i tama ay deg zedγen « Turkistan Tagmuḍant », imi ay ttwalin iman-nsen d arraw n Yiteṛkiyen. Kra seg-sen ttnaγen daγen i lmend n ussebded Tfidiṛalit ara yesdukklen akk iγerfan (ccuεub) iteṛkiyen seg Asya Talemmast arma d Tteṛk. Sdeffir ma ifuk tizrawin-nnes (leqraya) deg Sṭembul, Erkin Alptekin (yellan d memmi-s n yiwet n twacult yettuqadaren γer Yiwiguren) yedda γer Munich deg 1971, anda ay yeqqel « Aneṣ̣ṣ̣aḥ ameqran deg tsertit » iqeddcen i lmend n unemhal (directeur) n ṛṛadyu tamarikanit « Radio Liberty ».

 

 

CIA 

 

 

Dγa imir-nni ay tebda CIA tetteg inermisen (contacts) ed Yiwiguren yettnadin ad bḍun tamurt-nsen γef Ccinwa. “Kra, am Erkin Alptekin, ay iqedcen deg Radio Liberty yeqqnen γer CIA, llan seg yimeqranen ay yekkaten i lmend n beḍḍu γef Ccinwa”, ay d-yura usellaḍ (analyste) B. Raman, yellan, zik, d amaru n tnarit (secrétaire de cabinet) n unabaḍ ahendi. [B. Raman: US and Terrorism in Xinjiang; South Asia Analysis Group, Paper No. 499, 24.07.2002].

 

 

Deg Munich, Erkin Alptekin yessebded-d Tadukli n Turkistan deg Tuṛuft, deg 1991, ma deg Yebrir 2004, yessended-d “Aswir Amaḍlan (Congrès Mondial) Awigur”, yerna d netta ay d aselway-nnes amezwaru. Seg tmurt n Lalman, Aswir-a yettḍebbir γef waṭas n tuddsiwin (organisation) timennejla n Yiwiguren yellan deg tmura niḍen n umaḍal, yerna kra seg-sent yessekf ad ttuṣ̣ennfent gar trebbaε tirebrabin, γef leḥsab n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) acinwat).

 

 

 

Assaγen

 

 

Amussu-a (mouvement) yellan deg Munich d win yettnadin ad yesdukkel amussu amessebḍu (séparatiste) n Yiwuguren akked win n Tibet ed Mungulya Tagensit, i wakken ad as-kksen i Ccinwa kra seg tmiwa-nnes timeḍḍurfa. Deg 1985, Alptekin, yellan d aneṣ̣ṣ̣aḥ aqbur n CIA, yettekka deg ussebded n “Useqqamu Amsisa [Comité Allié] n Yiγerfan n Turkistan Tagmuḍant, Tibet ed Mungulya Tagensit”. Deg 1998, Alptekin yettekka daγen deg yiwen n usarag n Useqqamu-a deg New York, ay deg ḥedṛen ula d igensasen (représentants) n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) amarikani.  

 

 

Tikli-a n yimissa itniyen (mouvements ethniques) d tin wukud yedda ula d Adalaylama. Deg tebṛat-nnes n wazul i usarag n New York, Adalaylama yura-d : « Tasnamurt [géographie], amezruy akked tuṭṭfa [occupation] tacinwat d tiγawsiwin icerken akk iγerfan-nneγ. Dγa mazal ssarameγ iγerfan n Turkistan Tagmuḍant, Mungulya Tagensit ed Tibet ad yeffeγ ur ttεeḍḍilen ad awḍen γer lebγi-nsen n tidet ». [B. Raman: US and Terrorism in Xinjiang; South Asia Analysis Group, Paper No. 499, 24.07.2002]

 

 

Assaγen izuyaz (relations publiques)

 

 

Rebiya Kadeer, ay yellan ussan-a deg Berlin i lmend n lemcawṛat tisertiyin, tettkemmil leqdic n Alptekin – yerna ula d nettat tesfayday-d seg lemεawna tamarikanit ed talmanit. Deg tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, Rebiya Kadeer – yellan imir-nni d nettat ay d tameṭṭut tameṛkantit akk deg Ccinwa – tekcem deg wuguren akked udabu acinwat imi ay tella tqeddec i lmend n tmessebḍut (séparatisme), dγa γef wayenni ay tekcem γer lḥebs. D aya ay yejjan Iwunak Yeddukklen ad ḥeṛsen Ccinwa akken ad as-d-brun, dγa, deg Meγres n 2005, tessaweḍ Kadeer ad tinig γer Yiwunak Yeddukklen, anda ay yella wergaz-nnes yagi. Yuγ lḥal, argaz-nnes mazal-it ar ass-a iqeddec deg Radio Free Asia, d tamtilt n Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, yerna ttinin-d ula d ṛṛadyu-a tesεa assaγen (relations) ijehden mliḥ ed CIA. Rebiya Kadeer ttwalin-tt d nettat ay d timḍebbert yesdukkulen akk Iwiguren. Dγa γef wayenni ay d-tettusemma acḥal n tikkal i wakken ad tawey Arraz n Nobel n Talwit. Seg melmi kan, yiwen n wexxam n teẓrigin (maison ḍédition), Bertelsmann Corporation, yesseuffeγ-d adlis n tmeddurt-nnes s talmanit. Adlis-a d win umi gan adellel d ameqran deg ttawilat n yisalan almaniyen. Deg Yunyu 2007, cwiṭ kan sdeffir n temlilit n Kadeer akked Uselway Bush, adlis-a yettuqeddem-d deg Usarag n Tγemsa (conference de presse) afidiṛali, deg Berlin, yerna llan deg usarag-nni yiwamniyen (parlementaires) Izegzawen ay d-yerran mliḥ lwelha-nsen γer temsalt-a.        

 

 

Asnerni n wassaγen

 

 

Rebiya Kadeer terza γef Berlin i tikkelt tamezwarut deg Nwembeṛ n 2006, asmi ay tedda γer Lalman i wakken ad tettwafren d taselwayt n „Weswir Amaḍlan n Yiwiguren“ deg Munich. Tirzi-nnes γer Berlin, ussan-a, d tin ay d-iḍefren yiwet n tneγtust (resolution) ay yesεedda Congress amarikani, d tin ay deg Iwunak Yeddukklen gren-d tiγri i Ccinwa i wakken ad tekf izerfan imaynuten n tfulmant (autonomie) i Yiwiguren yerna ad d-tebru i yimessebḍa (séparatistes) yellan deg lḥebs, gar-asen sin seg warraw n Rebiya Kadeer. S waya, Kadeer ad temlil ed uneγlaf n tγawsiwin n beṛṛa, am wakken ara temciweṛ ed Tseqqamut n Yizerfan n Wemdan n Wemni (parlement) afidiṛali n Lalman, ed ad temlil, daγen, ed yigensasen (représentants) n Tsebdadin (Fondations) yeqqnen s ikabaren. Dγa d aya ay d-yesskanayen Berlin tesnernay deg assaγen-nnes ed Yiwiguren.

 

 

Arraz n Petra Kelly

 

 

Asnerni-a deg wassaγen d ayen ay deg tettekka, daγen “Tuddsa n Yeγlanen ed Yiγerfan War Agenses” (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization – UNPO) ay d-yettusbedden deg 1991 yerna tesεa axxam-nnes deg temdint n La Hague. Adalaylama ed umessebḍu (séparatiste) awigur Alptekin seg wid yettekkan deg ussebded n tuddsa-a. Ass-a, 69 n “yeγlanen” (nations) ay yettekkan deg tuddsa-a, gar-asent tella “Turkistan Tagmuḍant”, Tibet ed Mungulya Tagensit. Tuddsa-a tessuttur “azref n tguccelmant (droit à l’autodétermination)” n tmiwa yellan deg tmura tinayanin (pays souverains). Yuγ lḥal, seg wass-nni s assa, setta seg yimaslaḍen yettekkan deg UNPO, gar-asen Isṭunya, Liṭṭunya ed Juṛjya, uwyen azarug-nsen (indépendance). UNPO tesεa « tanarit [lbiru] n usseddu n lecγal » deg Washington yerna mazal teffer aṭas n “yiγerfan", d wid ay zemrent ad sqedcent, s wazekka, tmura n Tuṛuft Tutrimt akken ad rewyent timura niḍen. Gar yimaslaḍen yettekkan deg UNPO, llan yimessebḍa (séparatistes) ikurdiyen n Lεiraq ed Iṛan, akked yimessebḍa n Serbya (Kosovo), d wid ay d-sxedmen, aṭas aya, i wakken ad ilin mgal n yinabaḍen (lḥukumat) n tmura-nsen, am wakken ay ttekkan daγen deg UNPO wid yessutturen tafulmant deg kra n tmiwa n Rusya ed Myanmaṛ (Birmanya), yerna tirebbaε-a akk zemrent tmura tutrimin ad tent-sqedcent melmi ay tent-id-tṣ̣aḥ tegnit i waya.

 

 

 

Tasebdadt (Fondation) n Heinrich Boell, ay iqerben γer Ukabar Azegzaw almani, terra-as tajmilt i UNPO, mi as-tekfa « Arraz n Petra Kelly ».

 

 

 

Sγur: German-foreing-policy.com

Tasuqilt sγur: Omar Mouffok

 

Taγbalut : 

 

http://www.german-foreign-policy.com/en/fulltext/56094?PHPSESSID=i73h64ukqko7l00s3hht73tdi1

 

 

Γer daγen:

 

Ccinwa: Ddu n Lalman deg ccwal ay inekren deg Xinjiang (sγur German-foreign-policy.com)

 

 

 

Comments (0)

You don't have permission to comment on this page.